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Author: Jaison Jiro Omoto Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 224
Book Description
Proper central nervous system (CNS) function in vertebrates and invertebrates alike requires the sufficient production of, and suitable interaction between, different classes of neurons and glial cells. Although a large heterogeneity exists between individual cells of the CNS, one can begin dissecting its construction, and ultimately function, based on developmental principles. One such principle is the lineage concept; accumulating evidence suggests that in the CNS of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, classes of cells can be defined based on their progenitor origin, or lineage. Neurons and/or glial cells which derive from an individual progenitor, of which there are approximately 100 per brain hemisphere, exhibit common structural properties. In this dissertation we describe the lineage relationship, and resultant characteristics, of Drosophila brain cells in two contexts: glial cells populating the neuropil-cortex interface (neuropil glia) and ensembles of neurons transmitting visual information to a higher-order brain region called the central complex (Anterior Visual Pathway). In the first context, we find that astrocyte-like glial cells (ALGs), a neuropil glia subtype reminiscent of vertebrate astrocytes, are generated in two distinct waves. The first wave results from the proliferation of embryonic progenitors in the basal brain, and produces the mature ALGs of the larval brain. ALGs of the adult brain, produced during the second wave, are generated from a completely separate population of progenitors in the larva. We also characterize the cytology of these glial populations. In the second context, we find that all ring neurons of the ellipsoid body, a subcompartment of the central complex, are generated from a single lineage called DALv2. Ring neurons are a peculiar neuronal class which has been previously shown to respond to visual stimuli and are required for higher-order visually-guided behaviors. We identify two further lineages, DALcl1 and 2, which generate parallel ensembles of neurons providing visual input to ring neurons. Importantly, neurons of DALcl1 and 2 are not only developmentally-distinct, but also exhibit structural and functional differences, highlighting the rarely demonstrated principle that functional neuronal circuitry can be mapped to developmental cell lineage. Taken together, this thesis validates the utility of employing the lineage principle to formulate hypotheses of circuit function and nervous system assembly in general.
Author: Jaison Jiro Omoto Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 224
Book Description
Proper central nervous system (CNS) function in vertebrates and invertebrates alike requires the sufficient production of, and suitable interaction between, different classes of neurons and glial cells. Although a large heterogeneity exists between individual cells of the CNS, one can begin dissecting its construction, and ultimately function, based on developmental principles. One such principle is the lineage concept; accumulating evidence suggests that in the CNS of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, classes of cells can be defined based on their progenitor origin, or lineage. Neurons and/or glial cells which derive from an individual progenitor, of which there are approximately 100 per brain hemisphere, exhibit common structural properties. In this dissertation we describe the lineage relationship, and resultant characteristics, of Drosophila brain cells in two contexts: glial cells populating the neuropil-cortex interface (neuropil glia) and ensembles of neurons transmitting visual information to a higher-order brain region called the central complex (Anterior Visual Pathway). In the first context, we find that astrocyte-like glial cells (ALGs), a neuropil glia subtype reminiscent of vertebrate astrocytes, are generated in two distinct waves. The first wave results from the proliferation of embryonic progenitors in the basal brain, and produces the mature ALGs of the larval brain. ALGs of the adult brain, produced during the second wave, are generated from a completely separate population of progenitors in the larva. We also characterize the cytology of these glial populations. In the second context, we find that all ring neurons of the ellipsoid body, a subcompartment of the central complex, are generated from a single lineage called DALv2. Ring neurons are a peculiar neuronal class which has been previously shown to respond to visual stimuli and are required for higher-order visually-guided behaviors. We identify two further lineages, DALcl1 and 2, which generate parallel ensembles of neurons providing visual input to ring neurons. Importantly, neurons of DALcl1 and 2 are not only developmentally-distinct, but also exhibit structural and functional differences, highlighting the rarely demonstrated principle that functional neuronal circuitry can be mapped to developmental cell lineage. Taken together, this thesis validates the utility of employing the lineage principle to formulate hypotheses of circuit function and nervous system assembly in general.
Author: Gerhard Martin Technau Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 0387782613 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 173
Book Description
The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model system to study processes of the central nervous system This book provides an overview of some major facets of recent research on Drosophila brain development.
Author: Jennifer Kelly Lovick Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 199
Book Description
This work examines a variety of fundamental biological questions regarding the central brain of D. melanogaster. These questions focus on topics relating to neurons which form the neural circuits of the larval and adult brain. We focused specifically on the neurons which form the central brain and are organized into developmental-structural units termed lineages. Through a combination of genetics and immunohistochemical assays we were able to create a detailed atlas of lineages in the early larval brain (made by embryonic-born primary neurons) and the adult brain (made mostly by larval-born secondary neurons; Chapters 2 and 6); show that secondary lineages are born in a strict temporal manner and how they develop during larval and pupal stages (Chapters 3-5). By observing secondary lineages in both wild-type and various mutant conditions we were able to show the following: pattern and timing of secondary lineage axon tract extension in the larva; movement of cell body clusters due to the growing central brain and optic lobe neuropils during metamorphosis; which secondary lineages retain their entire cohort of neurons (many lose a hemilineage in the pupa); and proper differentiation of secondary lineages relies on the presence of both synaptic partners. Taken together, these studies make a significant contribution to our understanding of Drosophila brain circuitry and development. They support the overall goal of mapping all central brain lineages (primary and secondary components), from their inception in the early embryo (when neuroblasts first appear) to their final mature form in the adult.
Author: LinFang Wang Publisher: Biota Publishing ISBN: 1615047980 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 56
Book Description
Glia, the non-neuronal cells in the nervous systems, are both passive and active participants in diverse arrays of neuronal function. The diversity of glial cells in various animal species appears to be correlated with the complexity of brains. In the animal Drosophila melanogaster, glia are similarly categorized to their mammalian counterparts in morphology and function. Surface glia cover the outermost surface of the brain and function as a blood-brain-barrier to protect the nervous system. Cortex glia, similar to mammalian astrocytes, enwrap around the neuronal cell bodies and provide trophic support. Neuropil glia, similar to mammalian astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, are closely associated with the synapse-enriched neuropils and regulate synapse formation, synaptic function, and underlie the mechanism of circuit and behavior. This short monograph focuses on Drosophila glia, discusses the classification of different glial subtypes and their developmental origins, and provides an overview of different glial-mediated activity crucial for the development and function of the nervous system. This context serves as a general introduction to the molecular and cellular basis of glial function in normal and pathological brains.
Author: Camille Couture Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
"Glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are essential for neural development, metabolism, ion homeostasis, neuron excitability and, ultimately, for the execution of correct behaviors. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these effects are incompletely understood. As yet, we are lacking a comprehensive understanding of i) the molecular features that characterize distinct types of glial cells, ii) heterogeneity among subpopulations within those types, iii) the specific relevance of those molecular features for glial cell function, and iv) the conservation of those features among species. To help address these important issues, my thesis research sought to provide a detailed molecular description of glial subtypes in the Drosophila brain and ventral nerve cord (VNC) at the level of the transcriptome. To do this, I used both published and unpublished single-cell RNA sequencing datasets acquired with the 10x Chromium microfluidics system from the CNS of Drosophila larvae and adults. I took advantage of RStudio’s graphic interface to perform cluster analysis, assigned these clusters to particular glial cell types, then analyzed their transcriptome profiles to improve understanding of the molecular specialization of glial cells.With particular focus on astrocytes, ensheathing glia and cortex glia, I compared the molecular marker profiles of each cell type in larvae and adults and then, using Gene Ontology (GO) to classify the molecular functions and biological processes reflected in these markers, I confirmed previous knowledge and shed new light on the manifold functions of glial cells. In addition, I have found that some of the heterogeneity found within glial cell types can be attributed to subpopulations that exist at distinct stages of the Drosophila life cycle, and in different regions of the CNS. With the help of our collaborators, I explored conservation of glial cells between Drosophila and mice, identifying orthologous genes to the molecular markers identified in Drosophila glial and exploring the extent to which these orthologs are expressed in glial cells of the mouse brain. Together, the results of my MSc thesis research improves understanding of molecular profiles and heterogeneity among glial cells in Drosophila and will fuel further research into specialized functions of glial cells in the CNS"--
Author: Kathy T. Ngo Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 266
Book Description
Neurogenesis or the proper formation of the nervous system requires three distinct phases: (1) early neurulation involving progenitor proliferation and specification; (2) progenitor migration and extension of fibers; and (3) neural differentiation and connectivity establishment. How connectivity is established remains to be poor understood. We investigated neurogenesis of the central brain and visual processing center in Drosophila. In Drosophila central nervous system (or central brain), there are 100 lineages, each derived from a single neuroblast; where neurons of one lineage remain in close proximity to their mother neuroblast. As described in the Appendix, we used cell type specific markers combined with global neuronal markers to serve as local landmark and mapped out how individual neuroblast lineages progress during development where gross anatomical changes are described. The fly optic lobe, the visual system processing center, is also highly modular. We show that early neurogenesis in the optic lobe is remarkably similar to vertebrates, following a "conveyor belt neurogenesis" (Ch. 4) and show that Jak/Stat and Notch negatively regulates epithelium-to-neuroblast conversion, a non-canonical mode of neurogenesis (Ch. 2). To further gain insights on how connectivity is established in the optic lobe, we reconstructed the global architecture and connectivity of the optic lobe at sequential stages of development. Our analysis reveals three major structural/developmental hallmarks by which the optic lobe, compared to other regions of the fly brain, stands out: large scale neuronal movements, correlated temporal gradients in neuron production and differentiation, highly ordered retinotopic projections in between visual neuropils, and the formation of multiple layers within these neuropils (Ch. 3). The works described in Ch. 2-5 and Appendix 1-3 serve an important platform for understanding how the nervous system is formed in Drosophila.
Author: Gregory Simon Chernomas Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have been the subject of significant research in recent times. Model organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster, have been used to gain insight into the origin and function of NSCs. To date, NSC-like cells, called neuroblasts, have been identified in Drosophila larvae. Whether NSCs or NPCs are also present in adults is unclear. The goal of my research is to identify and characterize NSCs/NPCs in theadult Drosophila brain and determine whether these cells are affected by aging. My findings indicate more cell division is present within the adult brain than previously thought. The majority of the dividing cells also do not appear to be glial or neuronal in nature suggesting the distinct possibility that these cells may be NSCs/NPCs. Insight into the function of NSCs/NPCs in Drosophila may lead to greater understanding of how injury, disease, and aging may effect NSC/NPC populations in mammals.
Author: Jaison Jiro Omoto
Author: Jaison Jiro Omoto
Author: Gerhard Martin Technau
Author: Jennifer Kelly Lovick
Author: Shana Rae Spindler
Author: LinFang Wang
Author: Diana Amy Shy
Author: Camille Couture
Author: Kathy T. Ngo
Author: Wayne Sebastian Pereanu
Author: Gregory Simon Chernomas