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Author: Dedre Gentner Publisher: ISBN: Category : Analogy Languages : en Pages : 62
Book Description
Analogy is a powerful technique in commonsense learning and reasoning. People use analogies in problem solving, in developing mental models of a new domain, and in communicating knowledge. To model these natural uses of analogy, we need to understand the whole process of analogizing from the first, starting with access and ending with drawing inferences or extracting a principle from an analogy. In this paper, I first review the structure-mapping theory of analogical processing and describe a simulation of the theory. I then extend this framework to accessing analogy. I discuss some recent research in our lab that suggests that the accessibility of an analogical match is governed by different factors from its inferential soundness. Finally, I consider some competing theoretical approaches to analogy and suggest an integrated architecture for analogical processing.
Author: Dedre Gentner Publisher: ISBN: Category : Analogy Languages : en Pages : 62
Book Description
Analogy is a powerful technique in commonsense learning and reasoning. People use analogies in problem solving, in developing mental models of a new domain, and in communicating knowledge. To model these natural uses of analogy, we need to understand the whole process of analogizing from the first, starting with access and ending with drawing inferences or extracting a principle from an analogy. In this paper, I first review the structure-mapping theory of analogical processing and describe a simulation of the theory. I then extend this framework to accessing analogy. I discuss some recent research in our lab that suggests that the accessibility of an analogical match is governed by different factors from its inferential soundness. Finally, I consider some competing theoretical approaches to analogy and suggest an integrated architecture for analogical processing.
Author: Marc H. Bornstein Publisher: SAGE Publications ISBN: 1506353312 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 2616
Book Description
Lifespan human development is the study of all aspects of biological, physical, cognitive, socioemotional, and contextual development from conception to the end of life. In approximately 800 signed articles by experts from a wide diversity of fields, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development explores all individual and situational factors related to human development across the lifespan. Some of the broad thematic areas will include: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Aging Behavioral and Developmental Disorders Cognitive Development Community and Culture Early and Middle Childhood Education through the Lifespan Genetics and Biology Gender and Sexuality Life Events Mental Health through the Lifespan Research Methods in Lifespan Development Speech and Language Across the Lifespan Theories and Models of Development. This five-volume encyclopedia promises to be an authoritative, discipline-defining work for students and researchers seeking to become familiar with various approaches, theories, and empirical findings about human development broadly construed, as well as past and current research.
Author: Eric Steinhart Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401596549 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 272
Book Description
1. Metaphors and Logic Metaphors are among the most vigorous offspring of the creative mind; but their vitality springs from the fact that they are logical organisms in the ecology of l- guage. I aim to use logical techniques to analyze the meanings of metaphors. My goal here is to show how contemporary formal semantics can be extended to handle metaphorical utterances. What distinguishes this work is that it focuses intensely on the logical aspects of metaphors. I stress the role of logic in the generation and int- pretation of metaphors. While I don't presuppose any formal training in logic, some familiarity with philosophical logic (the propositional calculus and the predicate c- culus) is helpful. Since my theory makes great use of the notion of structure, I refer to it as the structural theory of m etaphor (STM). STM is a semant ic theory of m etaphor : if STM is correct, then metaphors are cognitively meaningful and are n- trivially logically linked with truth. I aim to extend possible worlds semantics to handle metaphors. I'll argue that some sentences in natural languages like English have multiple meanings: "Juliet is the sun" has (at least) two meanings: the literal meaning "(Juliet is the sunkIT" and the metaphorical meaning "(Juliet is the sun)MET". Each meaning is a function from (possible) worlds to truth-values. I deny that these functions are identical; I deny that the metaphorical function is necessarily false or necessarily true.
Author: Stella Vosniadou Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521389358 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 612
Book Description
Similarity and analogy are fundamental in human cognition. They are crucial for recognition and classification, and have been associated with scientific discovery and creativity. Any adequate understanding of similarity and analogy requires the integration of theory and data from diverse domains. This interdisciplinary volume explores current development in research and theory from psychological, computational, and educational perspectives, and considers their implications for learning and instruction. The distinguished contributors examine the psychological processes involved in reasoning by similarity and analogy, the computational problems encountered in simulating analogical processing in problem solving, and the conditions promoting the application of analogical reasoning in everyday situations.
Author: Dedre Gentner Publisher: ISBN: Category : Analogy Languages : en Pages : 84
Book Description
It is widely agreed that similarity and analogy are important in transfer of learning. Recent research suggests that different kinds of similarity enter into different parts of the transfer process. For example, access to long-term memory is more influenced by surface similarity than is analogical inference once an analogy is present. In this paper I decompose similarity-based transfer into separate subprocesses and compare how different kinds of similarity affect each of these processes. Keywords: Similarity, Transfer, Analogical mapping, Analogical soundness, Access.
Author: D.H. Helman Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401578117 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 422
Book Description
In the last few years, there has been an enormous amount of activity in the study of analogy and metaphor. This is partly because of an interest of artificial intelligence researchers in simulating learning processes using analogy. It also arises from critical examinations of standard theories in the philosophy of language, with their inbuilt literal/meta phoric distinction. This volume consists of recent previously unpub lished work in this area, with a particular emphasis upon the role of analogies in reasoning and, more generally, their role in thought and language. The papers are contributed by philosophers, computer scientists, cognitive scientists and literary critics. Researchers in these fields whose focus is the study of analogy and metaphor will find much of interest in this volume. These essays can also serve as an introduction to some of the major approaches taken in the investigation of analogy. As noted, this volume brings together the work of researchers in several different disciplines. The various approaches taken with respect to the understanding of analogy tend to be rather different, however, the articles suggest a common conclusion. Analogy and metaphor pervade thought and language; their close investigation thus constitutes a valuable contribution to our understanding of persons. DAVID H. HELMAN Case Western Reserve University vii PART I CONCEPTUAL AND CATEGORICAL THEORIES OF ANALOGICAL UNDERSTANDING MARK TURNER CATEGORIES AND ANALOGIES I want to pursue the following claims: The way we categorize helps explain the way we recognize a statement as an analogy.
Author: Adam Biela Publisher: Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften ISBN: Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 208
Book Description
This study seeks to determine the functions of analogy in the practice of scientific enquiry. Two groups of problems are considered: (1) analogy as an object of research, and (2) the role of analogical thinking as a method of scientific research. Certain aspects of research upon analogy in such areas as empistemology, semiotics, psychology, cultural studies, linguistics and the science of science are discussed. In exploring analogy as a method for scientific work the following cognitive functions are presented: heuristic, systematic, descriptive, explicative, assentive, argumentative and didactic.
Author: Dedre Gentner Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 9780262571395 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 562
Book Description
Analogy has been the focus of extensive research in cognitive science over the past two decades. Through analogy, novel situations and problems can be understood in terms of familiar ones. Indeed, a case can be made for analogical processing as the very core of cognition. This is the first book to span the full range of disciplines concerned with analogy. Its contributors represent cognitive, developmental, and comparative psychology; neuroscience; artificial intelligence; linguistics; and philosophy. The book is divided into three parts. The first part describes computational models of analogy as well as their relation to computational models of other cognitive processes. The second part addresses the role of analogy in a wide range of cognitive tasks, such as forming complex cognitive structures, conveying emotion, making decisions, and solving problems. The third part looks at the development of analogy in children and the possible use of analogy in nonhuman primates. Contributors Miriam Bassok, Consuelo B. Boronat, Brian Bowdle, Fintan Costello, Kevin Dunbar, Gilles Fauconnier, Kenneth D. Forbus, Dedre Gentner, Usha Goswami, Brett Gray, Graeme S. Halford, Douglas Hofstadter, Keith J. Holyoak, John E. Hummel, Mark T. Keane, Boicho N. Kokinov, Arthur B. Markman, C. Page Moreau, David L. Oden, Alexander A. Petrov, Steven Phillips, David Premack, Cameron Shelley, Paul Thagard, Roger K.R. Thompson, William H. Wilson, Phillip Wolff
Author: Keith J. Holyoak, Ph.D. Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0199734682 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 865
Book Description
The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning brings together the contributions of many of the leading researchers in thinking and reasoning to create the most comprehensive overview of research on thinking and reasoning that has ever been available. Each chapter includes a bit of historical perspective on the topic, and concludes with some thoughts about where the field seems to be heading.
Author: Dedre Gentner
Author: Dedre Gentner
Author: Marc H. Bornstein
Author: Eric Steinhart
Author: Stella Vosniadou
Author: Dedre Gentner
Author: D.H. Helman
Author: Adam Biela
Author: Dedre Gentner
Author: Armand Prieditis
Author: Keith J. Holyoak, Ph.D.