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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Developing a more sustainable biofuel production process holds the key for displacing fossil fuels with biofuels for sustainable greenhouse gas emissions and natural resource consumption mitigation. A holistic sustainability analysis for the production of biofuel plays a critical role on the improvement of the overall life cycle sustainability. Once a conceptual conversion process is developed, the next step is to evaluate its overall sustainability, preferably based on a process sustainability evaluation methodology using various indicators. The EPA's GREENSCOPE methodology evaluates processes in four areas: environment, energy, economics, and efficiency. The method develops relative scores for indicators that allow comparisons across various technologies. In this study, we have implemented GREENSCOPE methodology for a sustainability performance assessment of NREL's indirect liquefaction of biomass to high-octane gasoline blendstock by evaluating a range of metrics beyond the typical minimum fuel selling price and greenhouse gas considerations. We applied this methodology to evaluate the sustainability performance of this gate-to-gate conceptual design. One outcome of the sustainability evaluation is to allow researchers to identify process areas in need of sustainability improvement, as well as the challenges and opportunities for achieving the best possible sustainability target.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Developing a more sustainable biofuel production process holds the key for displacing fossil fuels with biofuels for sustainable greenhouse gas emissions and natural resource consumption mitigation. A holistic sustainability analysis for the production of biofuel plays a critical role on the improvement of the overall life cycle sustainability. Once a conceptual conversion process is developed, the next step is to evaluate its overall sustainability, preferably based on a process sustainability evaluation methodology using various indicators. The EPA's GREENSCOPE methodology evaluates processes in four areas: environment, energy, economics, and efficiency. The method develops relative scores for indicators that allow comparisons across various technologies. In this study, we have implemented GREENSCOPE methodology for a sustainability performance assessment of NREL's indirect liquefaction of biomass to high-octane gasoline blendstock by evaluating a range of metrics beyond the typical minimum fuel selling price and greenhouse gas considerations. We applied this methodology to evaluate the sustainability performance of this gate-to-gate conceptual design. One outcome of the sustainability evaluation is to allow researchers to identify process areas in need of sustainability improvement, as well as the challenges and opportunities for achieving the best possible sustainability target.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
A progress report on an indirect liquefaction process to convert biomass type materials to quality liquid hydrocarbon fuels by gasification followed by catalytic liquid fuels synthesis has been presented. A wide variety of feedstocks can be processed through the gasification system to a gas with a heating value of 500 + Btu/SCF. Some feedstocks are more attractive than others with regard to producing a high olefin content. This appears to be related to hydrocarbon content of the material. The H2/CO ratio can be manipulated over a wide range in the gasification system with steam addition. Some feedstocks require the aid of a water-gas shift catalyst while others appear to exhibit an auto-catalytic effect to achieve the conversion. H2S content (beyond the gasification system wet scrubber) is negligible for the feedstocks surveyed. The water gas shift reaction appears to be enhanced with an increase in pyrolysis reactor temperature over the range of 1300 to 1700°F. Reactor temperature in the Fischer-Tropsch step is a significant factor with regard to manipulating product composition analysis. The optimum temperature however will probably correspond to maximum conversion to liquid hydrocarbons in the C5 - C1-- range. Continuing research includes integrated system performance assessment, alternative feedstock characterization (through gasification) and factor studies for gasification (e.g., catalyst usage, alternate heat transfer media, steam usage, recycle effects, residence time study) and liquefaction (e.g., improved catalysts, catalyst activity characterization).
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently set aggressive emission targets to reduce global marine fuel sulfur content from the current 3.5% to 0.5% in 2020. Similarly, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and other state agencies have established regulations limiting the sulfur content of fuel used in coastal regions (i.e., emission control areas or ECAs) to 0.1%. The main options for ships to comply with the low sulfur regulations include: 1) switching to low-sulfur bunker fuel, 2) installing onboard scrubbers, or 3) switching to liquefied natural gas. While the choice of adoption is primarily dependent on the vessel owner economic decisions, the global bunker fuel spec changes in 2020 will most likely force roughly 2.8 MM barrels per day of high sulfur fuel oil to switch to low sulfur fuel oil and distillates, possibly tightening the diesel market. Biomass-derived marine fuels offer potential synergistic benefits when blended with petroleum fuels by reducing the overall sulfur content, as well as improving overall lubricity and offering potentially lower ash and emission profiles. Biofuels derived from indirect liquefaction of biomass followed by Fisher-Tropsch (FT) synthesis can be cost competitive and environmentally sustainable. FT synthesis is considered a relatively mature conversion technology which involves the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived synthesis gas via indirect gasification into a mixture of reaction products which could be refined to synthetic fuels, lubricants, and petrochemicals. One of the important advantages that the FT process offers is its capability of producing liquid hydrocarbon fuels from synthesis gas, which are virtually free from sulfur and relatively low in aromatic content. This study evaluates the economic potential to utilize bio-derived marine fuels, as well as outlining further R&D needs and uncertainties associated with the integration of FT-derived hydrocarbon blendstock. With the increased availability of low-cost natural gas, this study also performs a scenario for the co-conversion of natural gas and biomass to marine fuels. Additionally, techno-economic assessment for marine fuels produced via hydrotreating of yellow grease will be presented and discussed.
Author: T.H. Fleisch Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080537316 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 577
Book Description
This volume contains peer-reviewed manuscripts describing the scientific and technological advances presented at the 6th Natural Gas Conversion Sumposium held in Alaska in June 2001. This symposium continues the tradition of excellence and the status as the premier technical meeting in this area established by previous meetings.The 6th Natural Gas Conversion Symposium is conducted under the overall direction of the Organizing Committee. The Program Committee was responsible for the review, selection, editing of most of the manuscripts included in this volum. A standing International Advisory Board has ensured the effective long-term planning and the continuity and technical excellence of these meetings.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The Department of Energy's (DOE's) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) aims to develop and deploy technologies to transform renewable biomass resources into commercially viable, high-performance biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower through public and private partnerships (U.S. Department of Energy, 2016). BETO and its national laboratory teams conduct in-depth techno-economic assessments (TEA) of biomass feedstock supply and logistics and conversion technologies to produce biofuels. There are two general types of TEAs: A design case is a TEA that outlines a target case (future projection) for a particular biofuel pathway. It enables identification of data gaps and research and development needs, and provides goals and benchmarks against which technology progress is assessed. A state of technology (SOT) analysis assesses progress within and across relevant technology areas based on actual results at current experimental scales, relative to technical targets and cost goals from design cases, and includes technical, economic, and environmental criteria as available. In addition to developing a TEA for a pathway of interest, BETO also performs a supply chain sustainability analysis (SCSA). The SCSA takes the life-cycle analysis approach that BETO has been supporting for about 20 years. It enables BETO to identify energy consumption, environmental, and sustainability issues that may be associated with biofuel production. Approaches to mitigate these issues can then be developed. Additionally, the SCSA allows for comparison of energy and environmental impacts across biofuel pathways in BETO's research and development portfolio.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The Department of Energy's (DOE's) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) aims to develop and deploy technologies to transform renewable biomass resources into commercially viable, high-performance biofuels, bioproducts, and biopower through public and private partnerships (U.S. Department of Energy, 2016). BETO and its national laboratory teams conduct in-depth techno-economic assessments (TEA) of biomass feedstock supply and logistics and conversion technologies to produce biofuels. There are two general types of TEAs: A design case is a TEA that outlines a target case (future projection) for a particular biofuel pathway. It enables identification of data gaps and research and development needs, and provides goals and benchmarks against which technology progress is assessed. A state of technology (SOT) analysis assesses progress within and across relevant technology areas based on actual results at current experimental scales, relative to technical targets and cost goals from design cases, and includes technical, economic, and environmental criteria as available. In addition to developing a TEA for a pathway of interest, BETO also performs a supply chain sustainability analysis (SCSA). The SCSA takes the life-cycle analysis approach that BETO has been supporting for about 20 years. It enables BETO to identify energy consumption, environmental, and sustainability issues that may be associated with biofuel production. Approaches to mitigate these issues can then be developed. Additionally, the SCSA allows for comparison of energy and environmental impacts across biofuel pathways in BETO's research and development portfolio.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 10
Book Description
Indirect liquefaction of biomass is accomplished by first gasifying it to produce a synthesis gas consisting of hydrogen and oxides of carbon, which in turn are converted to any one of a number of liquid fuels and/or chemicals by suitable choice of catalyst, synthesis gas composition and reaction conditions. This approach to producing synthetic fuels and chemicals has been extensively investigated where coal is the carbonaceous feed material, but less so for biomass or other feedstocks. It is generally recognized that the gasification to produce the synthesis gas posses one of the major technical and economic challenges to improving this technology. Herein, is reported a different slant on the indirect liquefaction that could lead to improvements in the efficiency and economics of the process.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aeronautics Languages : en Pages : 652
Book Description
Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309137128 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 388
Book Description
The transportation sector cannot continue on its current path: The volatility of oil prices threatens the U.S. economy, the large proportion of oil importation threatens U.S. energy security, and the massive contribution of greenhouse gases threatens the environment. The development of domestic sources of alternative transportation fuels with lower greenhouse emissions is now a national imperative. Coal and biomass are in abundant supply in the United States and can be converted to liquid fuels that can be combusted in existing and future vehicles. Their abundant supply makes them attractive candidates to provide non-oil-based liquid fuels to the U.S. transportation system. However, there are important questions about the economic viability, carbon impact, and technology status of these options. Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass provides a snapshot of the potential costs of liquid fuels from biomass by biochemical conversion and from biomass and coal by thermochemical conversion. Policy makers, investors, leaders in industry, the transportation sector, and others with a concern for the environment, economy, and energy security will look to this book as a roadmap to independence from foreign oil. With immediate action and sustained effort, alternative liquid fuels can be available in the 2020 time frame, if or when the nation needs them.
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Author: T.H. Fleisch
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Author: National Research Council