Author: Richard B. Bernstein
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780700607150
Category : Constitutional amendments
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Even as we marvel at the grandeur of our constitutional system, we can't resist tinkering with it. Amending America tells the dramatic story of how, over the past 206 years, the American people have reshaped the Constitution to meet the country's changing needs. It describes how we have adopted 27 amendments since 1789-and debated and rejected 10,000 more. A provocative examination of one of America's most important yet least-known democratic tools, Amending America brings to life events in our history that continue to resonate today as, as various politicians have set their hearts on amendments to balance the budget, to ban abortion, or to allow school prayer. "A wonderful book. . . . A magnificent treasure trove of American history."—Arthur R. Miller, Bruce Bromley Professor of Law, Harvard Law School. "A skillfully rendered, comprehensive, and engaging study of Article V's procedures for amending the Constitution."—Washington Post "Instructive and fascinating. The book is thorough, erudite, and packed with the anecdotes that make our political past so enjoyable to review."—Minneapolis Star Tribune. "Admirably illuminates the complex and remarkable history of the American people's repeated attempts to amend the Constituion, and captures that history's enduring significance."—William E. Nelson, author of The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine "Will amply repay its readers. Scholars of American constitutional development should find the book a useful addition to their shelves; general readers should find it an interesting and enjoyable way to learn about some often overlooked aspects of American history."—Sanford Levinson, History Book Club News. "Invaluable for just about anybody seeking to understand the contradictions of our approach to constitutional government."—Herbert S. Parmet, author of Richard Nixon and His America. "An intelligent, carefully researched, and highly readable account."—Detroit News. "The authors have made our country's charter the centerpiece of a suspenseful and still-unfolding national adventure."—Norfolk Virginian-Pilot and Ledger-Star. "An anecdotal guide to the debates and conflicts over each amendment."—Publishers Weekly. "A thoughtful history of the amendments ot the Constitution and an excellent delineation of issues debated by modern constitutional scholars."—Kirkus Reviews. "An excellent work about an often-ignored issue. Recommended for all libraries."—Library Journal. "A fresh and reassuring picture of a living, flexible document strong enough to accept constant challenge and occasional change. The amending process, used wisely, helps meet the needs of an evolving nation. This is an unusual survey of this always-timely process."—Anniston (Alabama) Star "For a book with such a weighty subject, Amending America is surprisingly entertaining and humorous."—Alan Mass in the New York Law Journal.
Amending America
Author: Richard B. Bernstein
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780700607150
Category : Constitutional amendments
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Even as we marvel at the grandeur of our constitutional system, we can't resist tinkering with it. Amending America tells the dramatic story of how, over the past 206 years, the American people have reshaped the Constitution to meet the country's changing needs. It describes how we have adopted 27 amendments since 1789-and debated and rejected 10,000 more. A provocative examination of one of America's most important yet least-known democratic tools, Amending America brings to life events in our history that continue to resonate today as, as various politicians have set their hearts on amendments to balance the budget, to ban abortion, or to allow school prayer. "A wonderful book. . . . A magnificent treasure trove of American history."—Arthur R. Miller, Bruce Bromley Professor of Law, Harvard Law School. "A skillfully rendered, comprehensive, and engaging study of Article V's procedures for amending the Constitution."—Washington Post "Instructive and fascinating. The book is thorough, erudite, and packed with the anecdotes that make our political past so enjoyable to review."—Minneapolis Star Tribune. "Admirably illuminates the complex and remarkable history of the American people's repeated attempts to amend the Constituion, and captures that history's enduring significance."—William E. Nelson, author of The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine "Will amply repay its readers. Scholars of American constitutional development should find the book a useful addition to their shelves; general readers should find it an interesting and enjoyable way to learn about some often overlooked aspects of American history."—Sanford Levinson, History Book Club News. "Invaluable for just about anybody seeking to understand the contradictions of our approach to constitutional government."—Herbert S. Parmet, author of Richard Nixon and His America. "An intelligent, carefully researched, and highly readable account."—Detroit News. "The authors have made our country's charter the centerpiece of a suspenseful and still-unfolding national adventure."—Norfolk Virginian-Pilot and Ledger-Star. "An anecdotal guide to the debates and conflicts over each amendment."—Publishers Weekly. "A thoughtful history of the amendments ot the Constitution and an excellent delineation of issues debated by modern constitutional scholars."—Kirkus Reviews. "An excellent work about an often-ignored issue. Recommended for all libraries."—Library Journal. "A fresh and reassuring picture of a living, flexible document strong enough to accept constant challenge and occasional change. The amending process, used wisely, helps meet the needs of an evolving nation. This is an unusual survey of this always-timely process."—Anniston (Alabama) Star "For a book with such a weighty subject, Amending America is surprisingly entertaining and humorous."—Alan Mass in the New York Law Journal.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780700607150
Category : Constitutional amendments
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Even as we marvel at the grandeur of our constitutional system, we can't resist tinkering with it. Amending America tells the dramatic story of how, over the past 206 years, the American people have reshaped the Constitution to meet the country's changing needs. It describes how we have adopted 27 amendments since 1789-and debated and rejected 10,000 more. A provocative examination of one of America's most important yet least-known democratic tools, Amending America brings to life events in our history that continue to resonate today as, as various politicians have set their hearts on amendments to balance the budget, to ban abortion, or to allow school prayer. "A wonderful book. . . . A magnificent treasure trove of American history."—Arthur R. Miller, Bruce Bromley Professor of Law, Harvard Law School. "A skillfully rendered, comprehensive, and engaging study of Article V's procedures for amending the Constitution."—Washington Post "Instructive and fascinating. The book is thorough, erudite, and packed with the anecdotes that make our political past so enjoyable to review."—Minneapolis Star Tribune. "Admirably illuminates the complex and remarkable history of the American people's repeated attempts to amend the Constituion, and captures that history's enduring significance."—William E. Nelson, author of The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine "Will amply repay its readers. Scholars of American constitutional development should find the book a useful addition to their shelves; general readers should find it an interesting and enjoyable way to learn about some often overlooked aspects of American history."—Sanford Levinson, History Book Club News. "Invaluable for just about anybody seeking to understand the contradictions of our approach to constitutional government."—Herbert S. Parmet, author of Richard Nixon and His America. "An intelligent, carefully researched, and highly readable account."—Detroit News. "The authors have made our country's charter the centerpiece of a suspenseful and still-unfolding national adventure."—Norfolk Virginian-Pilot and Ledger-Star. "An anecdotal guide to the debates and conflicts over each amendment."—Publishers Weekly. "A thoughtful history of the amendments ot the Constitution and an excellent delineation of issues debated by modern constitutional scholars."—Kirkus Reviews. "An excellent work about an often-ignored issue. Recommended for all libraries."—Library Journal. "A fresh and reassuring picture of a living, flexible document strong enough to accept constant challenge and occasional change. The amending process, used wisely, helps meet the needs of an evolving nation. This is an unusual survey of this always-timely process."—Anniston (Alabama) Star "For a book with such a weighty subject, Amending America is surprisingly entertaining and humorous."—Alan Mass in the New York Law Journal.
Amending America: If We Love the Constitution So Much, Why Do We Keep Trying to Change It?
Author: Richard B. Bernstein
Publisher: Plunkett Lake Press
ISBN:
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 404
Book Description
The story of how the Constitution has been reshaped over the past 200 years to meet America’s changing needs. Since 1789, 27 amendments were adopted — creating the Bill of Rights, banning liquor, protecting the right to vote and reworking how we choose presidents and senators — and more than 10,000 failed. Proposed amendments tried to stave off the Civil War and then wrote its results into the Constitution. “[A] thoughtful history of the Amendments to the Constitution... An excellent delineation of issues debated by modern constitutional scholars.” — Kirkus “[A] sober, straightforward history of the process of amending the Constitution” — Publishers Weekly “[A] comprehensive and engaging study of Article V’s procedures for amending the constitution.” — Washington Post “The authors capture the essence of the importance of the amending process in a highly readable, gracefully written book... This book, which discusses knotty legal and constitutional issues without stuffiness and in plain language, should be easy reading for students and laypersons.” — The Journal of American History “[A] readable, intelligently organized, and well-informed history of how and why the Constitution has been amended.” — The Historian “[S]cholarly and readable.” — Human Rights “Bernstein’s work is engaging and stimulating... he is to be commended for explaining so carefully just how complex a set of questions and problems cluster around Article 5.” — The American Historical Review “Well written... this volume fills an important gap in the current literature and is likely to be the standard account of amending history for some time to come.” — The American Journal of Legal History “[A] masterful book, daring in its scope and impeccable in its execution. Amending America is a great work of scholarship that does justice to the United States Constitution as a living and evolving document. It is a tribute to the working of American democracy, and contributes to our understanding of its evolution and its unfinished agenda.” — Vartan Gregorian, President, Brown University “A magnificent treasure trove of American history, which brings to life why our Constitution has remained a ‘living document’ for over two centuries. Amending America is a wonderful book for anyone interested in our country.” — Arthur R. Miller, Bruce Bromley Professor of Law, Harvard Law School “Amending America is invaluable for just about anybody seeking to understand the contradictions of our approach to constitutional government. With grace, insight, and considerable information, Bernstein and Agel have written what should be the standard work for a long time to come.” — Herbert S. Parmet, Distinguished Professor of History, City University of New York, author of Richard Nixon and His America “Amending America admirably illuminates the complex and remarkable history of the American people’s repeated attempts to amend the Constitution, and captures that history’s enduring significance. Written with scholarship, clarity, and grace, this book recovers a previously neglected dimension of American constitutional history.” — William E. Nelson, Professor of Law, New York University, author of The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine “Instructive and fascinating. The book is thorough, erudite, and packed with the anecdotes that make our political past so enjoyable to review.” — Minneapolis Star Tribune “An intelligent, carefully researched, and highly readable account.” — Detroit News
Publisher: Plunkett Lake Press
ISBN:
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 404
Book Description
The story of how the Constitution has been reshaped over the past 200 years to meet America’s changing needs. Since 1789, 27 amendments were adopted — creating the Bill of Rights, banning liquor, protecting the right to vote and reworking how we choose presidents and senators — and more than 10,000 failed. Proposed amendments tried to stave off the Civil War and then wrote its results into the Constitution. “[A] thoughtful history of the Amendments to the Constitution... An excellent delineation of issues debated by modern constitutional scholars.” — Kirkus “[A] sober, straightforward history of the process of amending the Constitution” — Publishers Weekly “[A] comprehensive and engaging study of Article V’s procedures for amending the constitution.” — Washington Post “The authors capture the essence of the importance of the amending process in a highly readable, gracefully written book... This book, which discusses knotty legal and constitutional issues without stuffiness and in plain language, should be easy reading for students and laypersons.” — The Journal of American History “[A] readable, intelligently organized, and well-informed history of how and why the Constitution has been amended.” — The Historian “[S]cholarly and readable.” — Human Rights “Bernstein’s work is engaging and stimulating... he is to be commended for explaining so carefully just how complex a set of questions and problems cluster around Article 5.” — The American Historical Review “Well written... this volume fills an important gap in the current literature and is likely to be the standard account of amending history for some time to come.” — The American Journal of Legal History “[A] masterful book, daring in its scope and impeccable in its execution. Amending America is a great work of scholarship that does justice to the United States Constitution as a living and evolving document. It is a tribute to the working of American democracy, and contributes to our understanding of its evolution and its unfinished agenda.” — Vartan Gregorian, President, Brown University “A magnificent treasure trove of American history, which brings to life why our Constitution has remained a ‘living document’ for over two centuries. Amending America is a wonderful book for anyone interested in our country.” — Arthur R. Miller, Bruce Bromley Professor of Law, Harvard Law School “Amending America is invaluable for just about anybody seeking to understand the contradictions of our approach to constitutional government. With grace, insight, and considerable information, Bernstein and Agel have written what should be the standard work for a long time to come.” — Herbert S. Parmet, Distinguished Professor of History, City University of New York, author of Richard Nixon and His America “Amending America admirably illuminates the complex and remarkable history of the American people’s repeated attempts to amend the Constitution, and captures that history’s enduring significance. Written with scholarship, clarity, and grace, this book recovers a previously neglected dimension of American constitutional history.” — William E. Nelson, Professor of Law, New York University, author of The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine “Instructive and fascinating. The book is thorough, erudite, and packed with the anecdotes that make our political past so enjoyable to review.” — Minneapolis Star Tribune “An intelligent, carefully researched, and highly readable account.” — Detroit News
Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution
Author: David Andrew Schultz
Publisher: Infobase Publishing
ISBN: 1438126778
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 923
Book Description
Covers the people, court cases, historical events, and terms relating to one of the most studied political documents in schools across the country, the United States Constitution.
Publisher: Infobase Publishing
ISBN: 1438126778
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 923
Book Description
Covers the people, court cases, historical events, and terms relating to one of the most studied political documents in schools across the country, the United States Constitution.
Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789-2023 [2 volumes]
Author: John R. Vile
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 1440879532
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 767
Book Description
Written by a leading scholar of the constitutional amending process, this two-volume encyclopedia, now in its fifth edition, is an indispensable resource for students, legal historians, and high school and college librarians. This authoritative reference resource provides a history and analysis of all 27 ratified amendments to the Constitution, as well as insights and information on thousands of other amendments that have been proposed but never ratified from America's birth until the present day. The set also includes a rich bibliography of informative books, articles, and other media related to constitutional amendments and the amending process.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 1440879532
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 767
Book Description
Written by a leading scholar of the constitutional amending process, this two-volume encyclopedia, now in its fifth edition, is an indispensable resource for students, legal historians, and high school and college librarians. This authoritative reference resource provides a history and analysis of all 27 ratified amendments to the Constitution, as well as insights and information on thousands of other amendments that have been proposed but never ratified from America's birth until the present day. The set also includes a rich bibliography of informative books, articles, and other media related to constitutional amendments and the amending process.
Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789–2015 [2 volumes]
Author: John R. Vile
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 1610699327
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 706
Book Description
Now in its fourth edition and completely updated, this is the most comprehensive book on constitutional amendments and proposed amendments available. Although only 27 amendments have ever been added to the U.S. Constitution, the last one having been ratified in 1992, throughout American history, members of Congress have introduced more than 11,000 amendments, and countless individuals outside of Congress have advanced their own proposals to revise the Constitution—the wellspring of America's legal, political, and cultural foundations. At a time when calls for a new constitutional convention are on the rise, it is essential for students of political science and history as well as American citizens to understand proposed alternatives. This updated edition of the established standard for high school and college libraries as well as public and law libraries serves as the go-to reference for learning about existing constitutional amendments, proposed amendments, and the issues related to them. An alphabetically arranged two-volume set, it contains more than 500 entries that discuss amendments that have been proposed in Congress from 1789 to the present. It also discusses prominent proposals for extensive constitutional changes introduced outside Congress as well as discussions of major amending issues.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN: 1610699327
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 706
Book Description
Now in its fourth edition and completely updated, this is the most comprehensive book on constitutional amendments and proposed amendments available. Although only 27 amendments have ever been added to the U.S. Constitution, the last one having been ratified in 1992, throughout American history, members of Congress have introduced more than 11,000 amendments, and countless individuals outside of Congress have advanced their own proposals to revise the Constitution—the wellspring of America's legal, political, and cultural foundations. At a time when calls for a new constitutional convention are on the rise, it is essential for students of political science and history as well as American citizens to understand proposed alternatives. This updated edition of the established standard for high school and college libraries as well as public and law libraries serves as the go-to reference for learning about existing constitutional amendments, proposed amendments, and the issues related to them. An alphabetically arranged two-volume set, it contains more than 500 entries that discuss amendments that have been proposed in Congress from 1789 to the present. It also discusses prominent proposals for extensive constitutional changes introduced outside Congress as well as discussions of major amending issues.
Engineering Constitutional Change
Author: Xenophōn I. Kontiadēs
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 041552976X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 490
Book Description
This book offers a comprehensive comparative guide to constitutional amendment in Europe and North America. The contributions to the book are written by experts in comparative constitutional law and looks at a particular country providing a critical analysis of its constitutional revision principles, procedure, practice and developments. The volume includes a final chapter with a comparative analysis on constitutional amendment elaborating on and attempting to develop an explanatory theory regarding the points of convergence as well as the detected differentiations. Thus allowing the comparative elements interesting at an international level to emerge and be assessed.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 041552976X
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 490
Book Description
This book offers a comprehensive comparative guide to constitutional amendment in Europe and North America. The contributions to the book are written by experts in comparative constitutional law and looks at a particular country providing a critical analysis of its constitutional revision principles, procedure, practice and developments. The volume includes a final chapter with a comparative analysis on constitutional amendment elaborating on and attempting to develop an explanatory theory regarding the points of convergence as well as the detected differentiations. Thus allowing the comparative elements interesting at an international level to emerge and be assessed.
The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History
Author: Michael Kazin
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400839467
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 657
Book Description
An essential guide to U.S. politics, from the founding to today With 150 accessible articles written by more than 130 leading experts, this essential reference provides authoritative introductions to some of the most important and talked-about topics in American history and politics, from the founding to today. Abridged from the acclaimed Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History, this is the only single-volume encyclopedia that provides comprehensive coverage of both the traditional topics of U.S. political history and the broader forces that shape American politics--including economics, religion, social movements, race, class, and gender. Fully indexed and cross-referenced, each entry provides crucial context, expert analysis, informed perspectives, and suggestions for further reading. Contributors include Dean Baker, Lewis Gould, Alex Keyssar, James Kloppenberg, Patricia Nelson Limerick, Lisa McGirr, Jack Rakove, Nick Salvatore, Stephen Skowronek, Jeremi Suri, Julian Zelizer, and many more. Entries cover: Key political periods, from the founding to today Political institutions, major parties, and founding documents The broader forces that shape U.S. politics, from economics, religion, and social movements to race, class, and gender Ideas, philosophies, and movements The political history and influence of geographic regions
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400839467
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 657
Book Description
An essential guide to U.S. politics, from the founding to today With 150 accessible articles written by more than 130 leading experts, this essential reference provides authoritative introductions to some of the most important and talked-about topics in American history and politics, from the founding to today. Abridged from the acclaimed Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History, this is the only single-volume encyclopedia that provides comprehensive coverage of both the traditional topics of U.S. political history and the broader forces that shape American politics--including economics, religion, social movements, race, class, and gender. Fully indexed and cross-referenced, each entry provides crucial context, expert analysis, informed perspectives, and suggestions for further reading. Contributors include Dean Baker, Lewis Gould, Alex Keyssar, James Kloppenberg, Patricia Nelson Limerick, Lisa McGirr, Jack Rakove, Nick Salvatore, Stephen Skowronek, Jeremi Suri, Julian Zelizer, and many more. Entries cover: Key political periods, from the founding to today Political institutions, major parties, and founding documents The broader forces that shape U.S. politics, from economics, religion, and social movements to race, class, and gender Ideas, philosophies, and movements The political history and influence of geographic regions
Prologue
How Failed Attempts to Amend the Constitution Mobilize Political Change
Author: Roger C. Hartley
Publisher: Vanderbilt University Press
ISBN: 0826521509
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 265
Book Description
Since the Constitution's ratification, members of Congress, following Article V, have proposed approximately twelve thousand amendments, and states have filed several hundred petitions with Congress for the convening of a constitutional convention. Only twenty-seven amendments have been approved in 225 years. Why do members of Congress continue to introduce amendments at a pace of almost two hundred a year? This book is a demonstration of how social reformers and politicians have used the amendment process to achieve favorable political results even as their proposed amendments have failed to be adopted. For example, the ERA "failed" in the sense that it was never ratified, but the mobilization to ratify the ERA helped build the feminist movement (and also sparked a countermobilization). Similarly, the Supreme Court's ban on compulsory school prayer led to a barrage of proposed amendments to reverse the Court. They failed to achieve the requisite two-thirds support from Congress, but nevertheless had an impact on the political landscape. The definition of the relationship between Congress and the President in the conduct of foreign policy can also be traced directly to failed efforts to amend the Constitution during the Cold War. Roger Hartley examines familiar examples like the ERA, balanced budget amendment proposals, and pro-life attempts to overturn Roe v. Wade, but also takes the reader on a three-century tour of lesser-known amendments. He explains how often the mere threat of calling a constitutional convention (at which anything could happen) effected political change.
Publisher: Vanderbilt University Press
ISBN: 0826521509
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 265
Book Description
Since the Constitution's ratification, members of Congress, following Article V, have proposed approximately twelve thousand amendments, and states have filed several hundred petitions with Congress for the convening of a constitutional convention. Only twenty-seven amendments have been approved in 225 years. Why do members of Congress continue to introduce amendments at a pace of almost two hundred a year? This book is a demonstration of how social reformers and politicians have used the amendment process to achieve favorable political results even as their proposed amendments have failed to be adopted. For example, the ERA "failed" in the sense that it was never ratified, but the mobilization to ratify the ERA helped build the feminist movement (and also sparked a countermobilization). Similarly, the Supreme Court's ban on compulsory school prayer led to a barrage of proposed amendments to reverse the Court. They failed to achieve the requisite two-thirds support from Congress, but nevertheless had an impact on the political landscape. The definition of the relationship between Congress and the President in the conduct of foreign policy can also be traced directly to failed efforts to amend the Constitution during the Cold War. Roger Hartley examines familiar examples like the ERA, balanced budget amendment proposals, and pro-life attempts to overturn Roe v. Wade, but also takes the reader on a three-century tour of lesser-known amendments. He explains how often the mere threat of calling a constitutional convention (at which anything could happen) effected political change.
American Sovereigns
Author: Christian G. Fritz
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139467174
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 441
Book Description
American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War challenges traditional American constitutional history, theory and jurisprudence that sees today's constitutionalism as linked by an unbroken chain to the 1787 Federal constitutional convention. American Sovereigns examines the idea that after the American Revolution, a collectivity - the people - would rule as the sovereign. Heated political controversies within the states and at the national level over what it meant that the people were the sovereign and how that collective sovereign could express its will were not resolved in 1776, in 1787, or prior to the Civil War. The idea of the people as the sovereign both unified and divided Americans in thinking about government and the basis of the Union. Today's constitutionalism is not a natural inheritance, but the product of choices Americans made between shifting understandings about themselves as a collective sovereign.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139467174
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 441
Book Description
American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War challenges traditional American constitutional history, theory and jurisprudence that sees today's constitutionalism as linked by an unbroken chain to the 1787 Federal constitutional convention. American Sovereigns examines the idea that after the American Revolution, a collectivity - the people - would rule as the sovereign. Heated political controversies within the states and at the national level over what it meant that the people were the sovereign and how that collective sovereign could express its will were not resolved in 1776, in 1787, or prior to the Civil War. The idea of the people as the sovereign both unified and divided Americans in thinking about government and the basis of the Union. Today's constitutionalism is not a natural inheritance, but the product of choices Americans made between shifting understandings about themselves as a collective sovereign.