Author: Artur Nishioka Rombenso Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aquaculture Languages : en Pages : 374
Book Description
Fish oil sparing and replacement is a major focus in the fields of aquaculture and aquaculture nutrition. Most of the commercial fish oil production is consumed by the aquafeed industry due to its highly digestible energy and elevated content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs; ARA – 20:4n-6, EPA – 20:5n-3, and DHA – 22:6n-3), being a valuable ingredient. Given the finite supply and the growing demand for fish oil its price has increased quite drastically, leading to the search for alternative lipid sources. Generally, vegetable- and terrestrial animal-origin alternatives lack LC-PUFAs, which are physiologically important nutrients for all fish, and considered essential fatty acids for carnivorous species. When fish oil is spared or replaced by alternative lipids fish survival, growth performance, and fish health are commonly impaired if adequate levels of essential fatty acids are not provided within feeds. Additionally, fish oil sparing typically distorts fillet fatty acid profile and associated nutritional value compared to a fish oil-based diet reflecting the composition of the alternative lipid used. It is clear that to address the fish oil bottleneck in aquafeed manufacturing, researchers must understand the essential fatty acid requirements of the key commercial fish species. Fatty acid essentiality in fish has been investigated, and there is preliminary evidence that not all LC-PUFAs may be equally required, with DHA being more important, and EPA being more expendable. Whereas ARA has not been investigated in the same extent as n-3 LC-PUFAs. Additionally, certain fatty acids groupings such as saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) may influence LC-PUFAs bioavailability, and in some cases maintain or enhance LC-PUFAs deposition. The current dissertation sought to provide new knowledge regarding LC-PUFA requirements of marine carnivorous fish (White Seabass Atractoscion nobilis, California Yellowtail Seriola dorsalis and Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus) in the context of C18 PUFA-rich (i.e. polyunsaturated fatty acid with chain length of 18 carbon atoms) and SFA- and MUFA-rich alternative lipids. Determine if all LC-PUFAs (ARA, EPA, DHA) are equally important in meeting fatty acids requirements and also determine the effects of dietary SFA, MUFA, and C 18 PUFA content in fish oil sparing and tissue deposition of LC-PUFAs. The overall findings highlighted that DHA and ARA appear to be the primary drivers of fatty acid essentiality, whereas EPA is likely required in minor amounts. It was also demonstrated that DHA/EPA ratio had little-to-no effect on fish performance. Additionally, LC-PUFA requirements seem to be more flexible than previously assumed being influenced by dietary fatty acid profile. LC-PUFAs in marine finfish are more bioavailable in the context of SFA-/MUFA-rich alternative lipids, thus, reducing the requirements for these nutrients and allowing the fish’s physiological demand to be met with dietary levels below the minimum levels recommended. Finally, these findings suggest that although marine fish accept a variety of alternative lipids, those rich in SFAs and/or MUFAs seem advantageous in terms of limiting the effects of fish oil sparing on tissue fatty acid profiles.
Author: Giovanni M. Turchini Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1439808635 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 542
Book Description
Experts are predicting that demand for marine fish oil will soon outstrip supply, creating extreme urgency within the global aquafeed industry to find viable alternatives. Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds is the first comprehensive review of this multifaceted, complex issue. It also addresses the crucial quest
Author: Curtis C. Crouse Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 78
Book Description
Seafood represents the most important source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in the human diet. However, consuming fish can present risks from persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that bioaccumulate in edible tissues following dietary exposure. In farmed fish, POPs accumulate as a result of feeding diets based on fish oil (FO). Fish oil substitution can reduce POP accumulation, but also results in loss of beneficial LC-PUFAs. Fish oil-based finishing diets at the end of production can restore LC-PUFAs, but this strategy also increases POPs. The present study assessed the use of saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich lipids to replace fish oil in grow-out feeds in conjunction with a fish oil-rich finishing diet to determine if this strategy could produce hybrid striped bass with equal production performance, equivalent LC-PUFA levels, and reduced POP concentrations. Triplicate tanks of hybrid striped bass were raised on diets containing fish oil (100% FO), fish oil spiked with additional POPs (100% FO Spike), or blends (50/50 or 25/75) of FO and coconut (CO) or palm (PO) oils (50% CO, 50% PO, 75% CO, 75% PO) with and without an eight week finishing period with the 100% FO diet prior to harvest. Production performance, fillet LC-PUFA, and POP content were assessed. Production performance was not adversely affected by any of the feeding regimens. However, fatty acid profile was altered, with fillets of fish consuming less fish oil having lower LC-PUFA and POP levels. Finishing yielded a modest increase in fillet LC-PUFAs and POPs, but POPs accumulated more readily than LC-PUFAs during finishing. However, harvest fillet POP and LC-PUFA levels in the experimental groups were lower relative to levels in the 100% FO group. Replacing fish oil in aquafeeds can produce fish with reduced LC-PUFAs, and also reduced POPs. Feeding fish oil results in more rapid accumulation of POPs than LC-PUFA. Overall, the 75% fish oil replacement feeds yielded fish with the highest ratio of LC-PUFAs to POPs. Despite lower LC-PUFA content, fillets of fish fed the 75% fish oil replacement feeds could be incorporated into a weekly meal plan with other dietary sources of LC-PUFAs to meet dietary recommendations for these essential nutrients.
Author: Robert P. Wilson Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351362062 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 455
Book Description
A one-of-a-kind book for researchers interested in finfish nutrition Handbook of Nutrient Requirements of Finfish provides a summary of qualitative and quantitative nutrient requirements for almost all cultured finfish for which a significant amount of nutritional information now exists. Information is presented by species and includes how each species is cultured, an index of production, regional locations where each species is being cultured, examples of purified or test diets and special conditions required for laboratory studies, nutrient requirements and practical diet formulation. Discussions of special diets and feeding practices are included for certain species. This book will be a useful guide for students, researchers, practicing nutritionists, aquaculturists, and feed manufacturers interested in fish nutrition.
Author: Chhorn Lim Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1000946304 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 597
Book Description
A unique resource that describes the ingredients included in an aquaculture diet, species profiles, processing methods, impacts to environment and industry, and more. Aquaculture is and will remain a major food producing sector in the future. To become more efficient and successful in the aquaculture industry, operations need to provide good nutrition. Alternative Protein Sources in Aquaculture Diets is a unique source describing the ingredients included in fish and crustacean diets, their nutrient compositions, species profiles, suitability for species, processing methods, and impacts of alternative ingredients on the environment and to the aquaculture industry. World-renowned nutritionists and feed technologists explore practical ways for the aquaculture industry to expand and remain competitive, and discuss ways to develop less expensive alternative sources or protein. Diet costs take up a huge chunk of operating expenditures, with fish meal being one of the most expensive ingredients in the aquaculture diet. Alternative Protein Sources in Aquaculture Diets provides detailed knowledge on the use of alternative plant and animal protein sources, offering opportunities to either partially or completely replace fish meal. This comprehensive, up-to-date text discusses the most widely used ingredients as well as various previously under-utilized ingredients which could be of significant potential in the future. The book is extensively referenced and includes numerous helpful tables to clearly present data. Topics discussed in Alternative Protein Sources in Aquaculture Diets (for finfish and crustacean species) include: • farmed fish diet requirements • reduction of waste through diet formulation • poultry by-product meal • meat packing by-products • soybean protein foodstuffs • cottonseed meal • lupins • unconventional plant protein supplements.
Author: Carl D. Webster Publisher: CABI ISBN: 9780851997025 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 440
Book Description
Good nutrition is fundamental to the success and sustainability of the aquaculture industry in terms of economics, fish health, high quality product production and minimizing environmental pollution. This book provides a unique, complete coverage of current information on nutrientrequirements, feed formulations and feeding practices of commercially important aquaculture species cultured around the world. Each chapter contains detailed feeding information on specific species and is written by an expert nutritionist on that species. The book is of interest to those workingprofessionally in the industry, graduate level students and researchers.
Author: John Halver Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323142966 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 726
Book Description
Fish Nutrition aims to present the state of knowledge of basic and applied nutritional requirements of fishes. Most of the information found in this book involves salmonids, their nutrition, and metabolism of nutrients. This is in view of the fact that more research has been done and completed with this fish. Although applied fish nutrition is a very broad field, this book focuses on some of its aspects. These include the classes of nutrients and requirements for several types of fishes. This book comprises of 11 chapters. The first few chapters deal with the general nutrient requirements of fishes. Then, other chapters discuss calorie and energy as well as micro- and macronutrient needs and requirements. The following chapters deal with the non-nutrient components of the diet, or those that influence the characteristics of food products including texture, odor, flavor, and color. Other topics covered are enzymes and systems of intermediary metabolism (Chapter 6); feed formulation and evaluation (Chapter 7); and salmonid husbandry techniques (Chapter 9). Nutritional fish diseases are also discussed in this book. Some of these diseases include thyroid tumor, gill disease, anemia, lipoid liver degeneration, and visceral granuloma. In Chapter 11, the relationship of nutrition and pathology is given emphasis. This chapter also tackles the diet and general fish husbandry. This topic is very important, because an adequate diet for fish husbandry is the foundation of fish farming.
Author: Franklin R. Woitel Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 138
Book Description
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) aquaculture is poised for expansion, due in part to rapid growth rate, tolerance of culture conditions, and high market value of this species. Similar to other carnivorous marine fishes, the high monetary cost and long-range unsustainability of reliance on fish oil as the principle lipid source for cobia feeds necessitates evaluation of alternative lipid sources to spare or replace fish oil. Unfortunately, alternative lipid-based feeds may affect production performance, and typically yield fillets with reduced levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Recent research has indicated that diets rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), coupled with the application of so-called "finishing feeds" (feeds containing elevated levels of fish oil relative to grow-out feeds) at the end of the production cycle, may limit or attenuate these effects of fish oil sparing. Accordingly, I conducted two trials to evaluate the usefulness of alternative lipids and finishing in cobia culture. In the first trial, I assessed growth performance and tissue fatty acid composition of juvenile cobia fed diets (~11% lipid, ~48% protein) containing fish oil (control), or 50/50 blends of fish oil and alternative lipids (beef tallow, pork lard, partially and fully hydrogenated soy oils, and traditional soy oil) supplemented with an algal meal (to meet the 22:6n-3 requirement of cobia) for 8 weeks. Although minor differences were observed in feed intake, growth performance was otherwise equivalent among the dietary groups. Tissue fatty acid composition varied significantly among treatments, however, with alternative lipids containing higher levels of saturated (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) yielding tissue profiles that were most similar to those associated with the fish oil-based control feed. Although beef tallow and hydrogenated soybean oil were largely equivalent in terms of growth performance and fatty acid profile change, beef tallow was selected for further evaluation because of its low cost. In the second trial, beef tallow replaced fish oil in feeds at one of four substitution levels: 0% (100% fish oil), 33%, 67%, or 100% tallow (with algal 22:6n-3 meal included in all feeds as before). Juvenile cobia were raised on these feeds for 8 weeks, then switched to the 100% fish oil-based control feed for an 8-week finishing period. During finishing, subsamples of fish were collected every 2 weeks to quantify changes in tissue fatty acid profile over time as a result of finishing. In the second trial, the overall similarity of tissue fatty profiles to those in the 100% fish oil control treatment increased over the course of finishing, mostly as a result of declines in SFAs and MUFAs. These results suggest that SFA and MUFA-rich lipids, such as fully hydrogenated soy oil and beef tallow, are effective and strategically valuable as partial substitutes for fish oil in cobia feeds, and that finishing is at least partially effective in restoring cobia tissue fatty acid composition to a state approximating that of cobia fed only fish oil as dietary lipid.
Author: Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1000510743 Category : Health & Fitness Languages : en Pages : 408
Book Description
In the last decade, there has been substantial research dedicated towards prospecting physiochemical, nutritional and health properties of novel protein sources. In addition to being driven by predictions of increased population and lack of a parallel increase in traditional protein sources, main drivers for the rise in novel proteins/ novel foods research activities is linked to significant changes in young consumers’ attitudes toward red meat consumption and their interest in new alternative protein products. Alternative Proteins: Safety and Food Security Considerations presents up-to-date information on alternative proteins from non-meat sources and examines their nutritional and functional roles as food sources and ingredients. Emphasis is placed on the safety of these novel proteins and an evaluation of their potential contribution to food security. Motivations for novel proteins and restrictions for their use are also discussed. Key Features: Explains potential improvements to alternative proteins through the employment of novel processing techniques. Contains the first review on keratin as an alternative protein source. Explores first comprehensive evaluation of the religious aspects of novel proteins. Describes methods for the detection and evaluation of health hazards. Discusses guidelines, regulatory issues and recommendations for food safety Additionally, this book covers fundamental and recent developments in the production of alternative proteins, and examines safety and consumer acceptability wherever information is available. The sources and processing options for alternative proteins and their impact on final product characteristics are also covered. A collective contribution from international researchers who are active in their field of research and have made significant contributions to the the food sciences, this book is beneficial to any researcher interested in the the food science and safety of alternative proteins.
Author: Carl D Webster Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1439800049 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 390
Book Description
Safeguard the success of aquaculture operations without expensive antibiotics!Diseases are a major threat to the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Because antibiotics have many drawbacks, increasing importance is being placed on understanding the mechanisms that make nutrition a key factor in host defense against pathogens. Nutr
Author: Artur Nishioka Rombenso
Author: Giovanni M. Turchini
Author: Curtis C. Crouse
Author: Robert P. Wilson
Author: Chhorn Lim
Author: Carl D. Webster
Author: John Halver
Author: Franklin R. Woitel
Author: Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit
Author: Carl D Webster