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Author: Brendan Kirby Publisher: ISBN: Category : Distributed resources (Electric utilities) Languages : en Pages : 19
Book Description
The anticipated increase in variable generation in the Western Interconnection over the next several years has raised concerns about how to maintain system balance, especially in smaller Balancing Authority Areas (BAAs). Given renewable portfolio standards in the West, it is possible that more than 50 gigawatts of wind capacity will be installed by 2020. Significant quantities of solar generation are likely to be added as well. The consequent increase in variability and uncertainty that must be managed by the conventional generation fleet and responsive loads has resulted in a proposal for an Energy Imbalance Market (EIM). This paper extends prior work to estimate the reserve requirements for regulation, spinning, and non-spinning reserves with and without the EIM. We also discuss alternative approaches to allocating reserve requirements and show that some apparently attractive allocation methods have undesired consequences.
Author: Brendan Kirby Publisher: ISBN: Category : Distributed resources (Electric utilities) Languages : en Pages : 19
Book Description
The anticipated increase in variable generation in the Western Interconnection over the next several years has raised concerns about how to maintain system balance, especially in smaller Balancing Authority Areas (BAAs). Given renewable portfolio standards in the West, it is possible that more than 50 gigawatts of wind capacity will be installed by 2020. Significant quantities of solar generation are likely to be added as well. The consequent increase in variability and uncertainty that must be managed by the conventional generation fleet and responsive loads has resulted in a proposal for an Energy Imbalance Market (EIM). This paper extends prior work to estimate the reserve requirements for regulation, spinning, and non-spinning reserves with and without the EIM. We also discuss alternative approaches to allocating reserve requirements and show that some apparently attractive allocation methods have undesired consequences.
Author: Fernando Lopes Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319742639 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 342
Book Description
This book describes the common ground between electricity markets (EMs) and software agents (or artificial intelligence generally). It presents an up-to-date introduction to EMs and intelligent agents, and offers a comprehensive description of the research advances and key achievements related to existing and emerging market designs to reliably and efficiently manage the potential challenges of variable generation (VG). Most EMs are unique in their complex relationships between economics and the physics of energy, but were created without the notion that large penetrations of variable generation (VG) would be part of the supply mix. An advanced multi-agent approach simulates the behavior of power markets over time, particularly markets with large-scale penetrations of renewable resources. It is intended as a reference book for researchers, academics and industry practitioners, but given the scope of the chapters and the highly accessible style, the book also provides a coherent foundation for several different graduate courses.
Author: Walter Short Publisher: ISBN: 9781410221056 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 96
Book Description
A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies provides guidance on economic evaluation approaches, metrics, and levels of detail required, while offering a consistent basis on which analysts can perform analyses using standard assumptions and bases. It not only provides information on the primary economic measures used in economic analyses and the fundamentals of finance but also provides guidance focused on the special considerations required in the economic evaluation of energy efficiency and renewable energy systems.
Author: Eilyan Yamen Bitar Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 220
Book Description
Global warming now poses one of the most serious challenges to the well-being of humanity at large. The projected increase in the Earth's mean surface and ocean temperatures will have a severe impact on human health in both the developed and developing regions of the world. As the burning of fossil fuels contributes significantly to worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, there has been a concerted policy reform effort in both the US and abroad to transform the electricity sector by increasing the displacement of conventional fossil fuel-based thermal generation with clean renewable generation such as wind and solar. California, for example, has set a target of 33% renewable energy penetration by the year 2020. Wind and solar energy will play a key role in realizing such aggressive targets. However, at these deep penetration levels, the inherent variability of wind and solar power production poses serious engineering and market challenges. These are due to the uncertainty, intermittency, and uncontrollability of wind and solar power. They are essentially random -- a stark contrast to conventional thermal power generation. How is variability in wind an solar power production dealt with today? Today, wind and solar energy are assimilated into the grid through legislative mandates, feed-in tariffs, lenient imbalance penalty pricing, guaranteed grid access, tax relief, and/or construction subsidies. Specifically, in California, the Participating Intermittent Renewable Program (PIRP) legislation compels the independent system operator (ISO) to accept all produced wind power subject to certain contractual constraints. This amounts to a system take-all-wind modus operandi in which wind power is treated as a negative load and the subsequent increase in the variability of net-load is absorbed by a portfolio of reserve generation capacity, whose cost is allocated amongst the load serving entities (LSE). Moreover, this socialisation of added reserve costs amongst the LSEs constitutes an implicit subsidy for variability costs to participating wind power producers. We submit to the reader that the current extra-market approach to renewable energy integration will become untenable as wind and solar energy penetration increases. Under this system-take-all-power regime, the attendant intermittency and limited forecastability of wind and solar power production will lead to a significant increase in the reserve generation requirements necessary to maintain system balance -- an unacceptable consequence. It is too expensive. Ergo, it will rapidly become infeasible to continue the implicit subsidization of the variability costs among the load serving entities. Moreover, it severely mitigates the net greenhouse gas benefit of renewable energy, as regulating reserves are normally supplied by fast-acting, fossil fuel based thermal generators such as natural gas turbines. The current strategy cannot scale. Clearly, strategies that mitigate the need for additional reserve requirements will be an essential means to supporting deep integration of variable renewable energy. Throughout this dissertation, we will focus explicitly on wind, however, much of the analysis is directly applicable to solar power generation as well. How will variability be dealt with tomorrow? In the near term, we argue that wind power producers will be forced to participate in conventional electricity markets alongside traditional dispatchable generation, where they will face ex-post financial penalties for deviations from contracts offered ex-ante in forward markets -- thus eliminating the implicit subsidy for variability costs. In response to the financial risk emanating from uncertainty in wind power production, a rational wind power producer will be forced to curtail its projected output, thus decreasing the amount of variability that has to be compensated for with reserve generation by the system operator. However, such a removal of the implicit subsidy for variability cost may result in significant profit loss to the wind power producer. Consequently, it will become necessary for the wind power producer to develop and evaluate strategies that aid in the mitigation of wind power output variability. In this dissertation, we quantify, within the setting of a perfectly competitive market, the maximal expected profit achievable by a wind power producer through optimal bidding. Moreover, as wind is an inherently variable source of energy, we explore the sensitivity of optimal expected profit to uncertainty in the underlying wind process and quantify the marginal economic value of various firming mechanisms that aid in the mitigation of power output variability. Specifically, we appraise the benefit of improved forecasting and quantify the added value of recourse opportunities afforded by the co-location of an energy storage system and/or fast-acting thermal generation with the wind power producer. Further, we explore the extent to which a group of N independent wind power producers can exploit the statistical benefits of aggregation and risk sharing by forming a willing coalition to pool their variable power to jointly offer the aggregate output as single entity into a forward energy market.
Author: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Publisher: Organization for Economic Co-Operation & Developme ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 234
Book Description
Power systems must be actively managed to maintain a steady balance between supply and demand. This is already a complex task as demand varies continually. But what happens when supply becomes more variable and less certain, as with some renewable sources of electricity like wind and solar PV that fluctuate with the weather? to what extent can the resources that help power systems cope with the challenge of variability in demand also be applied to variability of supply? How large are these resources? and what share of electricity supply from variable renewables can they make possible? There is no one-size-fits-all answer. the ways electricity is produced, transported and consumed around the world exhibit great diversity. Grids can cross borders, requiring co-ordinated international policy, or can be distinct within a single country or region. and whether found in dispatchable power plants, storage facilities, interconnections for trade or on the demand side, the flexible resource that ensures the provision of reliable power in the face of uncertainty likewise differs enormously. Written for decision makers, Harnessing Variable Renewables: a Guide to the Balancing Challenge sheds light on managing power systems with large shares of variable renewables. It presents a new, step-by-step approach developed by the IEA to assess the flexibility of power systems, which identifies the already present resources that could help meet the twin challenges of variability and uncertainty.
Author: International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA Publisher: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ISBN: 9292601970 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 161
Book Description
This study presents options to speed up the deployment of wind power, both onshore and offshore, until 2050. It builds on IRENA’s global roadmap to scale up renewables and meet climate goals.
Author: James F. Manwell Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 9780470686287 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 704
Book Description
Wind energy’s bestselling textbook- fully revised. This must-have second edition includes up-to-date data, diagrams, illustrations and thorough new material on: the fundamentals of wind turbine aerodynamics; wind turbine testing and modelling; wind turbine design standards; offshore wind energy; special purpose applications, such as energy storage and fuel production. Fifty additional homework problems and a new appendix on data processing make this comprehensive edition perfect for engineering students. This book offers a complete examination of one of the most promising sources of renewable energy and is a great introduction to this cross-disciplinary field for practising engineers. “provides a wealth of information and is an excellent reference book for people interested in the subject of wind energy.” (IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, November/December 2003) “deserves a place in the library of every university and college where renewable energy is taught.” (The International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, Vol.41, No.2 April 2004) “a very comprehensive and well-organized treatment of the current status of wind power.” (Choice, Vol. 40, No. 4, December 2002)
Author: Joscha Bach Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3642244556 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 382
Book Description
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 34th Annual German Conference on Artificial Intelligence, KI 2011, held in Berlin, Germany, in October 2011. The 32 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 81 submissions. The papers are divided in topical sections on computational learning and datamining, knowledge representation and reasonings, augmented reality, swarm intelligence; and planning and scheduling.
Author: Brendan Kirby
Author: Brendan Kirby
Author: Fernando Lopes
Author: Walter Short
Author: 
Author: Eilyan Yamen Bitar
Author: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Author: International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA
Author: James F. Manwell
Author: Joscha Bach
Author: M. Sengupta