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Author: Rodney P. Elliot Publisher: ISBN: Category : Alloys Languages : en Pages : 40
Book Description
The alloying characteristics of the rare earth elements with the transition metals undergo a radical change as the atomic number of the transition series increases - - transition elements in Groups IVa, Va, and VIa are immiscible with the rare earths, while elements of Groups VIIa, and VIIIa, VIIIb, and VIIIc form many compounds. Since this cannot be correlated with a size effect, a reasonable explanation for this behavior is a valency or electronegativity effect. Those binary systems forming compounds form 'Laves phases', which can exist in one of three related crystal structure types: MgCu2, MgZn2, or MgNi2. The specific Laves type crystal structure can be related to the average free electron concentration, a phenomenon which has been used to calculate electronic valency of the transition elements. A compilation of the known Laves-type phases occurring between rare earth elements and transition metals supports the hypothesis that the valency effect is operative. Forty-two additional rare earth-transition metal compounds previously unknown have been prepared and found to be consistent with the previously noted trend with but two exceptions. On the assumption that a critical electron/atom ratio determines which Laves-type structures are stable, the periodical grouping of the Laves-type species of the rare earth-transition metal compounds indicates a slight but regular increase in valency as the atomic number of the rare earth increases. Ternary alloys prepared between the Laves phases of different structure types substantiate the observed valency trend.
Author: Rodney P. Elliot Publisher: ISBN: Category : Alloys Languages : en Pages : 40
Book Description
The alloying characteristics of the rare earth elements with the transition metals undergo a radical change as the atomic number of the transition series increases - - transition elements in Groups IVa, Va, and VIa are immiscible with the rare earths, while elements of Groups VIIa, and VIIIa, VIIIb, and VIIIc form many compounds. Since this cannot be correlated with a size effect, a reasonable explanation for this behavior is a valency or electronegativity effect. Those binary systems forming compounds form 'Laves phases', which can exist in one of three related crystal structure types: MgCu2, MgZn2, or MgNi2. The specific Laves type crystal structure can be related to the average free electron concentration, a phenomenon which has been used to calculate electronic valency of the transition elements. A compilation of the known Laves-type phases occurring between rare earth elements and transition metals supports the hypothesis that the valency effect is operative. Forty-two additional rare earth-transition metal compounds previously unknown have been prepared and found to be consistent with the previously noted trend with but two exceptions. On the assumption that a critical electron/atom ratio determines which Laves-type structures are stable, the periodical grouping of the Laves-type species of the rare earth-transition metal compounds indicates a slight but regular increase in valency as the atomic number of the rare earth increases. Ternary alloys prepared between the Laves phases of different structure types substantiate the observed valency trend.
Author: R. Elliott Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1475756917 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 430
Book Description
The rare earths have a unique place among the elements. Although very much alike chemically and in most phy~ical properties they each have very different and striking magnetic properties. The reason, of course, lies in their 4f electrons which determine the magnetic properties but have little effect on other chemical and physical behaviour. Although they are not rare, some indeed are among the more common heavy elements in the earth's crust, the difficulty of separation has meant that their intricate magnetic properties have only recently been unravelled. Now, however, the general pattern of their magnetism is well charted and the underlying theory is well understood. Both are thoroughly summarised in this book. It provides an excellent example of the kind of extensive synthesis which is possible with modem solid state physics. it represents only a high plateau in the ascent to complete understanding. But It will become clear to the reader that while the overall position is satisfactory there are many details still to be elucidated experimentally and much to be done theoretically before all the underlying forces are identified and estimated from a priori calculations. It is hoped that the book will provide a useful stimulus in this direction. It should also be of use to those who are interested in related disciplines, for example the rare earth compounds, or the transition metals. In addition rare earths promise to be important technologically as alloy constituents.
Author: L.L. Rokhlin Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1482265168 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 256
Book Description
Magnesium-based alloys containing rare-earth metals are important structural materials, as they combine low density with high-strength properties. This makes them particularly attractive for industry, especially in cases where the low weight of constructions is critical, as in aircraft and space apparatus construction. One of the remarkable feature
Author: NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers Publisher: ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc. ISBN: 8178331209 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 557
Book Description
Rare earths are essential constituents of more than 100 mineral species and present in many more through substitution. They have a marked geochemical affinity for calcium, titanium, niobium, zirconium, fluoride, phosphate and carbonate ions. Industrially important minerals, which are utilized at present for rare earths production, are essentially three, namely monazite, bastnasite and xenotime. In modern time techniques for exploration of rare earths and yttrium minerals include geologic identification of environments of deposition and surface as well as airborne reconnaissance with magnetometric and radiometric equipment. There are numerous applications of rare earths such as in glass making industry, cracking catalysts, electronic and optoelectronic devices, medical technology, nuclear technology, agriculture, plastic industry etc. Lot of metals and alloys called rare earth are lying in the earth which required to be processed. Some of the important elements extracted from rare earths are uranium, lithium, beryllium, selenium, platinum metals, tantalum, silicon, molybdenum, manganese, chromium, cadmium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium etc. There are different methods involved in production of metals and non metals from rare earths for example; separation, primary crushing, secondary crushing, wet grinding, dry grinding etc. The rare earths are silver, silverymwhite, or gray metals; they have a high luster, but tarnish readily in air, have high electrical conductivity. The rare earths share many common properties this makes them difficult to separate or even distinguish from each other. There are very small differences in solubility and complex formation between the rare earths. The rare earth metals naturally occur together in minerals. Rare earths are found with non metals, usually in the 3+ oxidation state. At present all the rare earth resources in India are in the form of placer monazite deposits, which also carry other industrially important minerals like ilmenite, rutile, zircon, sillimanite and garnet. Some of the fundamentals of the book are commercially important rare earth minerals, exploration for rare earth resources, rare earth resources of the world, some rare earth minerals and their approximate compositions, rare earths in cracking catalysts, rare earth based phosphors, interdependence of applications and production of rare earths, uranium alloys, conversion of ores to lithium chemicals, characterization and analysis of very pure silicon, derivation of molybdenum metal, electoplating and chromizing, electrolytic production of titanium, heat treatment of titanium alloys, tensile properties of alloys etc. The book covers occurrence of rare earth, resources of the world, production of lithium metals, compounds derived from the metals, chemical properties of beryllium, uses of selenium, derivation of molybdenum metals, ore concentration and treatment and many more. This is a unique book of its kind, which will be a great asset for scientists, researchers, technocrats and entrepreneurs. TAGS Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Beryllium, Best small and cottage scale industries, Boron, Business guidance for Rare earth metals and alloys processing, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Cadmium, Chromium, Extraction and Applications of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Extraction of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, How to Start a Rare earth metals and alloys Business, How to Start a Rare earth metals and alloys extraction?, How to start a successful Rare earth metals and alloys extraction, How to start rare earth alloys Processing Industry in India, How to start rare earth metals Processing Industry in India, Industrial Uses of Rare Earths metals and alloys, Lithium, Magnesium Alloys with Rare-Earth Metal, Magnetic Properties of Rare‐Earth Metals and Alloys, Manganese, Molybdenum, Most Profitable Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Rare earth metals and alloys processing industry, Platinum Metals, Preparation of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Rare earth metals and alloys extraction, Project for startups, Properties of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Rare Earth Alloys, Rare Earth Elements - Metals, Minerals, Mining, Uses, Rare earth elements (REE): industrial technology, Rare Earth Elements Applications, Rare earth elements properties, Rare earth elements separation process, Rare Earth elements, Rare earth extraction process, Rare Earth Industry, Rare earth metals and alloy extraction process, Rare earth metals and alloys Based Profitable Projects, Rare earth metals and alloys Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Rare earth metals and alloys extraction Business, Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Industry in India, Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Projects, Rare Earth Metals and Alloys, Rare earth metals India, Rare Earth Metals Production and Alloys with Properties, Rare earth metals uses, Rare Earth Metals, Rare Earth Resources, Rare minerals list, Selenium, Setting up and opening your Rare earth metals and alloys Business, Silicon, Small Scale Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Projects, Small scale Rare earth metals and alloys production line, Small Start-up Business Project, Start up India, Stand up India, Starting a Rare earth metals and alloys Processing Business, Start-up Business Plan for Rare earth metals and alloys processing, Startup ideas, Startup Project, Startup Project for Rare earth metals and alloys processing, Startup project plan, Tantalum, Titanium, Tungsten, Uranium, Uses of rare earth metals and alloys in metallurgy, Where are rare earth metals found?, Zirconium
Author: L.L. Rokhlin Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 9780415284141 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 260
Book Description
Magnesium-based alloys containing rare-earth metals are important structural materials, as they combine low density with high-strength properties. This makes them particularly attractive for industry, especially in cases where the low weight of constructions is critical, as in aircraft and space apparatus construction. One of the remarkable features of alloys is the significant difference made by individual rare-earth metals when they are added to magnesium. This second edition of Magnesium Alloys Containing Rare-Earth Metals: Structure and Properties describes the constitution and properties of magnesium-based alloys containing rare-earth metals. It presents the dependence of their characteristics on their atomic number and place in the periodic table and discusses new ideas for rare-earth metals as alloying additives to magnesium. This volume consists mainly of research from Russian scientists but also contains western literature making it a valuable reference tool for students, researchers and professionals in materials science and metallurgy.
Author: Rodney P. Elliot
Author: Rodney P. Elliot
Author: R. Elliott
Author: L.L. Rokhlin
Author: 
Author: 
Author: NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers
Author: 
Author: 
Author: L.L. Rokhlin
Author: United States. Energy Research and Development Administration