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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 5
Book Description
The long-range objective of this project is threefold: a) the investigation of the mechanisms of air-water gas transfer by field measurements; b) the development of novel instrumentation for in situ measurements of the gas transfer rate and the parameters controlling it; and c) the solution of the longstanding problem of a physically-based parameterization of the air-sea gas transfer rate. In interdisciplinary field experiments the influence of wind forcing, short wind waves, and surfactants on the air-sea gas transfer is studied in coastal waters. The measurements include the air-sea gas transfer rate with a temporal resolution in order of minutes, the air friction velocity, water currents and turbulence, air and water temperatures, visible and IR radiative fluxes, the visco-elastic properties of surface films, and wave number-frequency spectra of short wind waves. The measurements of the air-sea gas exchange rate with our instruments were combined with concentration measurements of carbon dioxide and dimethyl sulfide in the sea and the atmosphere, and direct flux measurements of carbon dioxide using the eddy correlation technique.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 5
Book Description
The long-range objective of this project is threefold: a) the investigation of the mechanisms of air-water gas transfer by field measurements; b) the development of novel instrumentation for in situ measurements of the gas transfer rate and the parameters controlling it; and c) the solution of the longstanding problem of a physically-based parameterization of the air-sea gas transfer rate. In interdisciplinary field experiments the influence of wind forcing, short wind waves, and surfactants on the air-sea gas transfer is studied in coastal waters. The measurements include the air-sea gas transfer rate with a temporal resolution in order of minutes, the air friction velocity, water currents and turbulence, air and water temperatures, visible and IR radiative fluxes, the visco-elastic properties of surface films, and wave number-frequency spectra of short wind waves. The measurements of the air-sea gas exchange rate with our instruments were combined with concentration measurements of carbon dioxide and dimethyl sulfide in the sea and the atmosphere, and direct flux measurements of carbon dioxide using the eddy correlation technique.
Author: Peter S. Liss Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3642256430 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 315
Book Description
The oceans and atmosphere interact through various processes, including the transfer of momentum, heat, gases and particles. In this book leading international experts come together to provide a state-of-the-art account of these exchanges and their role in the Earth-system, with particular focus on gases and particles. Chapters in the book cover: i) the ocean-atmosphere exchange of short-lived trace gases; ii) mechanisms and models of interfacial exchange (including transfer velocity parameterisations); iii) ocean-atmosphere exchange of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide; iv) ocean atmosphere exchange of particles and v) current and future data collection and synthesis efforts. The scope of the book extends to the biogeochemical responses to emitted / deposited material and interactions and feedbacks in the wider Earth-system context. This work constitutes a highly detailed synthesis and reference; of interest to higher-level university students (Masters, PhD) and researchers in ocean-atmosphere interactions and related fields (Earth-system science, marine / atmospheric biogeochemistry / climate). Production of this book was supported and funded by the EU COST Action 735 and coordinated by the International SOLAS (Surface Ocean- Lower Atmosphere Study) project office.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The long-range objective of this project is threefold: a) the investigation of the mechanisms of air-water gas transfer by field measurements, b) the development of novel instrumentation for in situ measurements of the gas transfer rate and the parameters controlling it, and c) the solution of the long-standing problem of a physically-based parameterization of the air-sea gas transfer rate. In interdisciplinary field experiments the influence of wind forcing, short wind waves, and surfactants on the air-sea gas transfer is studied in coastal waters. The measurements include the air-sea gas transfer rate with a temporal resolution in order of minutes using heat as a proxy tracer, the air friction velocity, water currents and turbulence, air and water temperatures, visible and IR radiative fluxes, the visco-elastic properties of surface films, and wave number-frequency spectra of short wind waves. The measurements of the air-sea gas exchange rate with our instruments were combined with concentration measurements of carbon dioxide and dimethyl sulfide in the sea and the atmosphere, and direct flux measurements of carbon dioxide using the eddy correlation technique.
Author: W. Brutsaert Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9789027716972 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 666
Book Description
The transfer across the surface of environmental waters is of interest as an important phase in the geophysical and natural biochemical cycles of numer ous substances; indeed it governs the transition, one way or the other, be tween the dissolved state in the water and the gaseous state in the atmo sphere. Especially with increasing population and industrialization, gas transfer at water surfaces has become a critical factor in the understanding of the various pathways of wastes in the environment and of their engineering management. This interfacial mass transfer is, by its very nature, highly complex. The air and the water are usually in turbulent motion, and the interface be tween them is irregular, and disturbed by waves, sometimes accompanied by breaking, spray and bubble formation. Thus the transfer involves a wide variety of physical phenomena occurring over a wide range of scales. As a consequence, scientists and engineers from diverse disciplines and problem areas, have approached the problem, often with greatly differing analytical and experimental techniques and methodologies.
Author: W. Brutsaert Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401716609 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 615
Book Description
The transfer across the surface of environmental waters is of interest as an important phase in the geophysical and natural biochemical cycles of numer ous substances; indeed it governs the transition, one way or the other, be tween the dissolved state in the water and the gaseous state in the atmo sphere. Especially with increasing population and industrialization, gas transfer at water surfaces has become a critical factor in the understanding of the various pathways of wastes in the environment and of their engineering management. This interfacial mass transfer is, by its very nature, highly complex. The air and the water are usually in turbulent motion, and the interface be tween them is irregular, and disturbed by waves, sometimes accompanied by breaking, spray and bubble formation. Thus the transfer involves a wide variety of physical phenomena occurring over a wide range of scales. As a consequence, scientists and engineers from diverse disciplines and problem areas, have approached the problem, often with greatly differing analytical and experimental techniques and methodologies.
Author: Cara Charlotte Marie Manning Publisher: ISBN: Category : Chemical oceanography Languages : en Pages : 213
Book Description
In this thesis, I use coastal measurements of dissolved O2 and inert gases to provide insight into the chemical, biological, and physical processes that impact the oceanic cycles of carbon and dissolved gases. Dissolved O2 concentration and triple isotopic composition trace net and gross biological productivity. The saturation states of inert gases trace physical processes, such as air-water gas exchange, temperature change, and mixing, that affect all gases. First, I developed a field-deployable system that measures Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe gas ratios in water. It has precision and accuracy of 1 % or better, enables near-continuous measurements, and has much lower cost compared to existing laboratory-based methods. The system will increase the scientific community’s access to use dissolved noble gases as environmental tracers. Second, I measured O2 and five noble gases during a cruise in Monterey Bay, California. I developed a vertical model and found that accurately parameterizing bubble-mediated gas exchange was necessary to accurately simulate the He and Ne measurements. I present the first comparison of multiple gas tracer, incubation, and sediment trap-based productivity estimates in the coastal ocean. Net community production estimated from 15NO –3 uptake and O2/Ar gave equivalent results at steady state. Underway O2/Ar measurements revealed submesoscale variability that was not apparent from daily incubations. Third, I quantified productivity by O2 mass balance and air-water gas exchange by dual tracer (3He/SF6) release during ice melt in the Bras d’Or Lakes, a Canadian estuary. The gas transfer velocity at >90% ice cover was 6% of the rate for nearly ice-free conditions. Rates of volumetric gross primary production were similar when the estuary was completely ice-covered and ice-free, and the ecosystem was on average net autotrophic during ice melt and net heterotrophic following ice melt. I present a method for incorporating the isotopic composition of H2O into the O2 isotope-based productivity calculations, which increases the estimated gross primary production in this study by 46–97%. In summary, I describe a new noble gas analysis system and apply O2 and inert gas observations in new ways to study chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters.
Author: Tomohiro Kuwae Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9811312958 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 373
Book Description
This book presents a comprehensive and innovative understanding of the role of shallow coastal ecosystems in carbon cycling, particularly marine carbon sequestration. Incorporating a series of forward-looking chapters, the book combines thorough reviews of the global literature and regional assessments—mainly around the Indo-Pacific region and Japan—with global perspectives to provide a thorough assessment of carbon cycling in shallow coastal systems. It advocates the expansion of blue-carbon ecosystems (mangroves, seagrass meadows, and salt marshes) into macroalgal beds, tidal flats, coral reefs, and urbanized shallow waters, demonstrating the potential of these ecosystems as new carbon sinks. Moreover, it discusses not only topics that are currently the focus of blue-carbon studies, i.e., sedimentary carbon stock and accumulation rate, but also CO2 gas exchange between the atmosphere and shallow coastal ecosystems, carbon storage in the water column as refractory organic carbon, and off-site carbon storage. Including highly original contributions, this comprehensive work inspires research beyond the specific regions covered by the chapters. The suite of new concepts and approaches is refreshing and demonstrates that blue-carbon research is indeed a vibrant new field of research, providing deep insights into neglected aspects of carbon cycling in the marine environment. At the same time the book provides guidance for policy makers to deliver benefits to society, for example the inclusion of blue carbon as a carbon offset scheme or the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in the Paris Agreement, and also for building resilience in coastal socio-ecosystems through better management. This book is intended for all those interested in the science and management of coastal ecosystems.
Author: P. A. Matson Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1444313819 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 408
Book Description
Trace gases are those that are present in the atmosphere at relatively low concentrations. Small changes in their concentrations can have profound implications for major atmospheric fluxes, and thereore, can be used as indicators in studies of global change, global biogeochemical cycling and global warming. This new how-to guide will detail the concepts and techniques involved in the detection and measurement of trace gases, and the impact they have on ecological studies. Introductory chapters look at the role of trace gases in global cycles, while later chapters go on to consider techniques for the measurement of gases in various environments and at a range of scales. A how-to guide for measuring atmospheric trace gases. Techniques described are of value in addressing current concerns over global climate change.
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Author: Peter S. Liss
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Author: W. Brutsaert
Author: W. Brutsaert
Author: Cara Charlotte Marie Manning
Author: Bernd Jähne
Author: Tomohiro Kuwae
Author: P. A. Matson
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