Author: Paul Berryman
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1782420932
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 267
Book Description
Advances in Food and Beverage Labelling reviews recent advances in labelling research and regulation, covering issues such as nutrition and hazard information, traceability, health claims and standardisation, as well as new labelling technologies and consumer issues. The EU Food Information Regulation will come into force in December 2014 and the book is designed to provide timely and useful information to manufacturers in this area, as well as on a global scale. Part one covers the different types of information that can, or must be present on a food label. Part two looks at recent developments in food labelling technology, regulations and enforcement. - Brings together contributions from industry, trade bodies, government and academia. - Offers timely advice for those concerned with the legal framework for food labelling, with information about the EU Food Information Regulation, as well as the US market. - Reviews issues surrounding nutrition and health claims and GM, ethical and environmental labelling.
Advances in Food and Beverage Labelling
Author: Paul Berryman
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1782420932
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 267
Book Description
Advances in Food and Beverage Labelling reviews recent advances in labelling research and regulation, covering issues such as nutrition and hazard information, traceability, health claims and standardisation, as well as new labelling technologies and consumer issues. The EU Food Information Regulation will come into force in December 2014 and the book is designed to provide timely and useful information to manufacturers in this area, as well as on a global scale. Part one covers the different types of information that can, or must be present on a food label. Part two looks at recent developments in food labelling technology, regulations and enforcement. - Brings together contributions from industry, trade bodies, government and academia. - Offers timely advice for those concerned with the legal framework for food labelling, with information about the EU Food Information Regulation, as well as the US market. - Reviews issues surrounding nutrition and health claims and GM, ethical and environmental labelling.
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1782420932
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 267
Book Description
Advances in Food and Beverage Labelling reviews recent advances in labelling research and regulation, covering issues such as nutrition and hazard information, traceability, health claims and standardisation, as well as new labelling technologies and consumer issues. The EU Food Information Regulation will come into force in December 2014 and the book is designed to provide timely and useful information to manufacturers in this area, as well as on a global scale. Part one covers the different types of information that can, or must be present on a food label. Part two looks at recent developments in food labelling technology, regulations and enforcement. - Brings together contributions from industry, trade bodies, government and academia. - Offers timely advice for those concerned with the legal framework for food labelling, with information about the EU Food Information Regulation, as well as the US market. - Reviews issues surrounding nutrition and health claims and GM, ethical and environmental labelling.
Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309218233
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 180
Book Description
During the past decade, tremendous growth has occurred in the use of nutrition symbols and rating systems designed to summarize key nutritional aspects and characteristics of food products. These symbols and the systems that underlie them have become known as front-of-package (FOP) nutrition rating systems and symbols, even though the symbols themselves can be found anywhere on the front of a food package or on a retail shelf tag. Though not regulated and inconsistent in format, content, and criteria, FOP systems and symbols have the potential to provide useful guidance to consumers as well as maximize effectiveness. As a result, Congress directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to undertake a study with the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to examine and provide recommendations regarding FOP nutrition rating systems and symbols. The study was completed in two phases. Phase I focused primarily on the nutrition criteria underlying FOP systems. Phase II builds on the results of Phase I while focusing on aspects related to consumer understanding and behavior related to the development of a standardized FOP system. Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols focuses on Phase II of the study. The report addresses the potential benefits of a single, standardized front-label food guidance system regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, assesses which icons are most effective with consumer audiences, and considers the systems/icons that best promote health and how to maximize their use.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309218233
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 180
Book Description
During the past decade, tremendous growth has occurred in the use of nutrition symbols and rating systems designed to summarize key nutritional aspects and characteristics of food products. These symbols and the systems that underlie them have become known as front-of-package (FOP) nutrition rating systems and symbols, even though the symbols themselves can be found anywhere on the front of a food package or on a retail shelf tag. Though not regulated and inconsistent in format, content, and criteria, FOP systems and symbols have the potential to provide useful guidance to consumers as well as maximize effectiveness. As a result, Congress directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to undertake a study with the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to examine and provide recommendations regarding FOP nutrition rating systems and symbols. The study was completed in two phases. Phase I focused primarily on the nutrition criteria underlying FOP systems. Phase II builds on the results of Phase I while focusing on aspects related to consumer understanding and behavior related to the development of a standardized FOP system. Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols focuses on Phase II of the study. The report addresses the potential benefits of a single, standardized front-label food guidance system regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, assesses which icons are most effective with consumer audiences, and considers the systems/icons that best promote health and how to maximize their use.
Innovations in Food Labelling
Author: J Albert
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1845697596
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 185
Book Description
Increasingly, consumers desire information about the health, safety, environmental and socioeconomic characteristics of food products. These traits often cannot be detected by sight, smell or taste. Therefore, consumers must use food labels to select products that meet their needs and preferences. The growing consumer and industry interest in food labels presents challenges for governments, which must ensure that the product information is accurate, truthful and not misleading to consumers. Governments must decide whether provision of information should be mandatory or voluntary. With the increase in global trade in food, there is a need to harmonize food labels so that product information is understood and relevant to foreign markets.Innovations in food labelling provides information about the principles and requirements of food labelling and reviews the latest trends in this important area. Following an introduction on the evolution of food labelling, further chapters cover the Codex Alimentarius and food labelling, international trade agreements, nutrition labelling, allergies and food labels and environmental and social labels, among other topics.An essential reference for food regulatory agencies, food law experts and professionals in the food industry responsible for labelling as well as consumer and environmental associations with an interest in labelling. - Provides important information about the principles and requirements of food labelling and reviews the trends in this area - Documents label evolution and considers standards and legal issues, as well as protection of the environment and sustainable food production - Features labels for a variety of different markets, including organic foods, and addresses social issues such as association of food quality with location
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1845697596
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 185
Book Description
Increasingly, consumers desire information about the health, safety, environmental and socioeconomic characteristics of food products. These traits often cannot be detected by sight, smell or taste. Therefore, consumers must use food labels to select products that meet their needs and preferences. The growing consumer and industry interest in food labels presents challenges for governments, which must ensure that the product information is accurate, truthful and not misleading to consumers. Governments must decide whether provision of information should be mandatory or voluntary. With the increase in global trade in food, there is a need to harmonize food labels so that product information is understood and relevant to foreign markets.Innovations in food labelling provides information about the principles and requirements of food labelling and reviews the latest trends in this important area. Following an introduction on the evolution of food labelling, further chapters cover the Codex Alimentarius and food labelling, international trade agreements, nutrition labelling, allergies and food labels and environmental and social labels, among other topics.An essential reference for food regulatory agencies, food law experts and professionals in the food industry responsible for labelling as well as consumer and environmental associations with an interest in labelling. - Provides important information about the principles and requirements of food labelling and reviews the trends in this area - Documents label evolution and considers standards and legal issues, as well as protection of the environment and sustainable food production - Features labels for a variety of different markets, including organic foods, and addresses social issues such as association of food quality with location
Non-Equilibrium States and Glass Transitions in Foods
Author: Bhesh Bhandari
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081003358
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 516
Book Description
Non-equilibrium States and Glass Transitions in Foods: Processing Effects and Product Specific Implications presents the tactics needed to understand and control non-equilibrium states and glass transitions in food, an essential element in maintaining the shelf-life and quality of foods. After brief introductory chapters introduce the science behind non-equilibrium states and glass transitions in foods, the book details how glass transition temperature is affected by composition and the ways it influences processability and physico-chemical changes during the storage of foods, also exploring how these effects can be controlled. The second section looks at individual foods, highlighting the implications of non-equilibrium states and glass transitions within these foods. Maintaining and improving the quality of food is of upmost importance to food companies who have to ensure that the shelf life of their products is as long as possible. A large amount of research has been performed into glass transitions in food over the last few years, however there has not been a comprehensive review. This book fills that gap. - Provides the only book on the market that covers non-equilibrium states and glass transitions in food from a practical standpoint - Presents food industry professionals in the area of food quality with essential information on the effects of glass transitions and non-equilibrium states on the shelf life of specific products - Edited by global leaders in glass transition technology in foods
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081003358
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 516
Book Description
Non-equilibrium States and Glass Transitions in Foods: Processing Effects and Product Specific Implications presents the tactics needed to understand and control non-equilibrium states and glass transitions in food, an essential element in maintaining the shelf-life and quality of foods. After brief introductory chapters introduce the science behind non-equilibrium states and glass transitions in foods, the book details how glass transition temperature is affected by composition and the ways it influences processability and physico-chemical changes during the storage of foods, also exploring how these effects can be controlled. The second section looks at individual foods, highlighting the implications of non-equilibrium states and glass transitions within these foods. Maintaining and improving the quality of food is of upmost importance to food companies who have to ensure that the shelf life of their products is as long as possible. A large amount of research has been performed into glass transitions in food over the last few years, however there has not been a comprehensive review. This book fills that gap. - Provides the only book on the market that covers non-equilibrium states and glass transitions in food from a practical standpoint - Presents food industry professionals in the area of food quality with essential information on the effects of glass transitions and non-equilibrium states on the shelf life of specific products - Edited by global leaders in glass transition technology in foods
The Microbiological Quality of Food
Author: Antonio Bevilacqua
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323911315
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 734
Book Description
The Microbiological Quality of Food: Foodborne Spoilers covers the microbiological spoilage of foods, with a focus on the spoilers, the foods themselves, and the signs of spoilage. The book addresses traditional spoilers (filamentous fungi, spore-forming bacteria, yeasts, SSO in fish), as well as some emerging spoilers (Pseudomonas), now recognized as primary targets. Sections also provide a brief overview of important foods (vegetables, milk and dairy products, meat, and fish) and addresses safety and economic loss. Details on the signs of spoilage, how to prevent spoilers, and methods of detecting spoilage and spoilage microorganisms in foods are also presented. This is an authoritative reference for researchers, scientists and students who need to understand microbial spoilage, the impact of biofilm on the quality and safety of many foods, and the implications of biofilm for spoilage and shelf life. Hot topics covered by this book include the possible link between food spoilage and food safety as a consequence of antibiotic resistance spreading all over the world. - Presents Definitions: taxonomy, definition of food spoilage according to the literature and regulatory frameworks - Provides Case Studies: for some foods and emerging spoilers, along with examples of how to prolong the shelf life - Includes Calculations/worked examples: models and practical examples to calculate the shelf life of foods and to design and effective method to inhibit spoilers
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323911315
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 734
Book Description
The Microbiological Quality of Food: Foodborne Spoilers covers the microbiological spoilage of foods, with a focus on the spoilers, the foods themselves, and the signs of spoilage. The book addresses traditional spoilers (filamentous fungi, spore-forming bacteria, yeasts, SSO in fish), as well as some emerging spoilers (Pseudomonas), now recognized as primary targets. Sections also provide a brief overview of important foods (vegetables, milk and dairy products, meat, and fish) and addresses safety and economic loss. Details on the signs of spoilage, how to prevent spoilers, and methods of detecting spoilage and spoilage microorganisms in foods are also presented. This is an authoritative reference for researchers, scientists and students who need to understand microbial spoilage, the impact of biofilm on the quality and safety of many foods, and the implications of biofilm for spoilage and shelf life. Hot topics covered by this book include the possible link between food spoilage and food safety as a consequence of antibiotic resistance spreading all over the world. - Presents Definitions: taxonomy, definition of food spoilage according to the literature and regulatory frameworks - Provides Case Studies: for some foods and emerging spoilers, along with examples of how to prolong the shelf life - Includes Calculations/worked examples: models and practical examples to calculate the shelf life of foods and to design and effective method to inhibit spoilers
Steamed Breads
Author: Sidi Huang
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081007248
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 208
Book Description
Steamed Breads: Ingredients, Processing, and Quality provides an overview of all aspects of steamed bread and steamed bun technology. A valuable resource for those interested in the practical, technical, scientific, and historical aspects of the subject. Topics that are covered include classification of the different types of steamed bread, flour quality requirements, ingredients, traditional and modern production methods, bread faults and solutions, storage, food safety, nutrition, and future trends. Steamed bread and filled steamed buns or mantou are the staple food in the wheat growing areas of China. Around 50% of all flour consumed in China is used to produce steamed breads. They have recently spread to other Asian countries and are now eaten around the world. The current state of relevant research knowledge about steamed bread in Asia and throughout the world is described. The first comprehensive reference on the topic, Steamed Breads provides a complete overview of this important wheat-based Asian food of value to cereal scientists and researchers, wheat marketers and breeders, and Asian food and steamed bread manufacturers. - Provides the first comprehensive reference on steamed breads and steamed buns - Features input from authors who are leading experts in steamed bread technology and pioneers in steamed bread research - Contains important information on the ingredients, processing, and quality of this staple food of China, which is gaining popularity around the world - Includes classification of the different types of steamed bread, flour quality requirements, ingredients, traditional and modern production methods, bread faults and solutions, storage, food safety, nutrition, and future trends
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081007248
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 208
Book Description
Steamed Breads: Ingredients, Processing, and Quality provides an overview of all aspects of steamed bread and steamed bun technology. A valuable resource for those interested in the practical, technical, scientific, and historical aspects of the subject. Topics that are covered include classification of the different types of steamed bread, flour quality requirements, ingredients, traditional and modern production methods, bread faults and solutions, storage, food safety, nutrition, and future trends. Steamed bread and filled steamed buns or mantou are the staple food in the wheat growing areas of China. Around 50% of all flour consumed in China is used to produce steamed breads. They have recently spread to other Asian countries and are now eaten around the world. The current state of relevant research knowledge about steamed bread in Asia and throughout the world is described. The first comprehensive reference on the topic, Steamed Breads provides a complete overview of this important wheat-based Asian food of value to cereal scientists and researchers, wheat marketers and breeders, and Asian food and steamed bread manufacturers. - Provides the first comprehensive reference on steamed breads and steamed buns - Features input from authors who are leading experts in steamed bread technology and pioneers in steamed bread research - Contains important information on the ingredients, processing, and quality of this staple food of China, which is gaining popularity around the world - Includes classification of the different types of steamed bread, flour quality requirements, ingredients, traditional and modern production methods, bread faults and solutions, storage, food safety, nutrition, and future trends
Dietary Supplements
Author: Katja Berginc
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1782420819
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 263
Book Description
Dietary supplements made from foods, herbs and their constituents are a rapidly growing market sector. Consumers often view food supplements as 'natural' and therefore safe; however, supplements are regulated as foods rather than as pharmaceuticals and so are not as closely monitored as may be necessary. With the commercial market in these products growing, this book provides essential research into their safety, efficacy and potential risk of interaction with pharmaceuticals. Following an introductory chapter, part one covers the chemical composition, manufacture and regulation of dietary supplements. Part two looks at the effectiveness of different types of dietary supplement and methods of evaluation. Finally, part three focuses on supplement safety. - Reviews the design, production and regulation of dietary supplements. - Analyses the potential for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics interactions between dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals. - Offers reviews of important clinical studies on the efficacy of dietary supplements for range of conditions.
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1782420819
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 263
Book Description
Dietary supplements made from foods, herbs and their constituents are a rapidly growing market sector. Consumers often view food supplements as 'natural' and therefore safe; however, supplements are regulated as foods rather than as pharmaceuticals and so are not as closely monitored as may be necessary. With the commercial market in these products growing, this book provides essential research into their safety, efficacy and potential risk of interaction with pharmaceuticals. Following an introductory chapter, part one covers the chemical composition, manufacture and regulation of dietary supplements. Part two looks at the effectiveness of different types of dietary supplement and methods of evaluation. Finally, part three focuses on supplement safety. - Reviews the design, production and regulation of dietary supplements. - Analyses the potential for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics interactions between dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals. - Offers reviews of important clinical studies on the efficacy of dietary supplements for range of conditions.
Food Processing Technology
Author: P.J. Fellows
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0323984312
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 806
Book Description
Food Processing Technology: Principles and Practice, Fifth Edition includes emerging trends and developments in food processing. The book has been fully updated to provide comprehensive, up-to-date technical information. For each food processing unit operation, theory and principles are first described, followed by equipment used commercially and its operating conditions, the effects of the operation on micro-organisms, and the nutritional and sensory qualities of the foods concerned. Part I describes basic concepts; Part II describes operations that take place at ambient temperature; Part III describes processing using heat; Part IV describes processing by removing heat; and Part V describes post-processing operations. This book continues to be the most comprehensive reference in the field, covering all processing unit operations in a single volume. The title brings key terms and definitions, sample problems, recommended further readings and illustrated processes. - Presents current trends on food sustainability, environmental considerations, changing consumer choices, reduced packaging and energy use, and functional and healthy/plant-based foods - Includes highly illustrated line drawings and/or photographs to show the principles of equipment operation and/or examples of equipment that is used commercially - Contains worked examples of common calculations
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0323984312
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 806
Book Description
Food Processing Technology: Principles and Practice, Fifth Edition includes emerging trends and developments in food processing. The book has been fully updated to provide comprehensive, up-to-date technical information. For each food processing unit operation, theory and principles are first described, followed by equipment used commercially and its operating conditions, the effects of the operation on micro-organisms, and the nutritional and sensory qualities of the foods concerned. Part I describes basic concepts; Part II describes operations that take place at ambient temperature; Part III describes processing using heat; Part IV describes processing by removing heat; and Part V describes post-processing operations. This book continues to be the most comprehensive reference in the field, covering all processing unit operations in a single volume. The title brings key terms and definitions, sample problems, recommended further readings and illustrated processes. - Presents current trends on food sustainability, environmental considerations, changing consumer choices, reduced packaging and energy use, and functional and healthy/plant-based foods - Includes highly illustrated line drawings and/or photographs to show the principles of equipment operation and/or examples of equipment that is used commercially - Contains worked examples of common calculations
Trends in Non-alcoholic Beverages
Author: Charis M. Galanakis
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128169397
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 403
Book Description
Trends in Nonalcoholic Beverages covers the most recent advances, production issues and nutritional and other effects of different nonalcoholic beverages, such as carbonated beverages, cereal-based beverages, energy drinks, fruit punches, non-dairy milk products, nonalcoholic beer, ready-to-drink products (e.g. tea, coffee), smoothies, sparkling and reduced water beverages. In addition, it covers relevant issues, such as traditional non-alcoholic beverages, labeling and safety issues during production, as well as the intake of functional compounds in particular applications. This is an essential resource for food scientists, technologists, engineers, nutritionists and chemists as well as professionals working in the food/beverage industry. - Provides nutrient profiles and the effects of non-alcoholic beverages - Presents the relevance of the HACCP system for the non-alcoholic beverage industry - Covers a broad range of different non-alcoholic beverages that exist in the market and their characteristics with regard to personalized nutrition
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128169397
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 403
Book Description
Trends in Nonalcoholic Beverages covers the most recent advances, production issues and nutritional and other effects of different nonalcoholic beverages, such as carbonated beverages, cereal-based beverages, energy drinks, fruit punches, non-dairy milk products, nonalcoholic beer, ready-to-drink products (e.g. tea, coffee), smoothies, sparkling and reduced water beverages. In addition, it covers relevant issues, such as traditional non-alcoholic beverages, labeling and safety issues during production, as well as the intake of functional compounds in particular applications. This is an essential resource for food scientists, technologists, engineers, nutritionists and chemists as well as professionals working in the food/beverage industry. - Provides nutrient profiles and the effects of non-alcoholic beverages - Presents the relevance of the HACCP system for the non-alcoholic beverage industry - Covers a broad range of different non-alcoholic beverages that exist in the market and their characteristics with regard to personalized nutrition
Developing Food Products for Consumers with Specific Dietary Needs
Author: Steve Osborn
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081003404
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Developing Food Products for Customers with Specific Dietary Needs explains the process for developing foods for customers who have specific dietary needs, further shining a light on the number of increasing medical conditions related to food intake that have emerged in the past few decades. From increased fat and sugar intake leading to higher levels of obesity, to greater levels of coeliac disease, the ingredients and nutritional content of food is becoming more and more important. Additionally, consumers are following particular diets for many different reasons, be it health related, or for religious or moral reasons. The first part of the book looks, in detail, at the organizational structure required within a company to allow for the development of food products which meet the needs of these customers, while the second part presents a number of case studies highlighting the development of food products for various dietary requirements. Precise coverage includes section on the development of low-sodium, low-sugar, low-fat, and low-carbohydrate products with the aim of producing healthier foods, as well as the development of organic and vegetarian products for consumers who are following diets for personal reasons. The potential solutions for developing foods for customers who have specific dietary needs are likely to include both ingredients and technology developments. The ingredients area includes simple reductions as well as replacement strategies, whilst technology will be applied to both the ingredient itself and the host food product. All are aimed at maintaining the product quality as perceived by the customer. - Provides an overview of the organizational structure required within a company to develop foods for specific customer needs - Includes section on the development of low-sodium, low-sugar, low-fat, and low-carbohydrate products with the aim of producing healthier foods - Presents case studies that deliver a best practice view on developing foods for customers with specific dietary needs - Written by industry professionals, this book offers in-depth coverage of this topic of ever increasing importance to the food industry
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081003404
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Developing Food Products for Customers with Specific Dietary Needs explains the process for developing foods for customers who have specific dietary needs, further shining a light on the number of increasing medical conditions related to food intake that have emerged in the past few decades. From increased fat and sugar intake leading to higher levels of obesity, to greater levels of coeliac disease, the ingredients and nutritional content of food is becoming more and more important. Additionally, consumers are following particular diets for many different reasons, be it health related, or for religious or moral reasons. The first part of the book looks, in detail, at the organizational structure required within a company to allow for the development of food products which meet the needs of these customers, while the second part presents a number of case studies highlighting the development of food products for various dietary requirements. Precise coverage includes section on the development of low-sodium, low-sugar, low-fat, and low-carbohydrate products with the aim of producing healthier foods, as well as the development of organic and vegetarian products for consumers who are following diets for personal reasons. The potential solutions for developing foods for customers who have specific dietary needs are likely to include both ingredients and technology developments. The ingredients area includes simple reductions as well as replacement strategies, whilst technology will be applied to both the ingredient itself and the host food product. All are aimed at maintaining the product quality as perceived by the customer. - Provides an overview of the organizational structure required within a company to develop foods for specific customer needs - Includes section on the development of low-sodium, low-sugar, low-fat, and low-carbohydrate products with the aim of producing healthier foods - Presents case studies that deliver a best practice view on developing foods for customers with specific dietary needs - Written by industry professionals, this book offers in-depth coverage of this topic of ever increasing importance to the food industry