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Author: Yeara Jo Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 124
Book Description
During chronic infections, sustained cell adaptation has been mostly studied in the adaptive immune compartment but much less is known on how innate immune cells adjust to a persistently infectious milieu. Particularly, dendritic cells (DCs), which are central players in immune responses, adapt during chronic infections. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Thus, to understand how short-lived innate cells adapt to lifelong persistent infections, we first studied plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), which specialize in Type I Interferon (IFN-I) production and often become functionally exhausted in chronic settings. Using a murine chronic viral infection model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), we found that bone marrow pDC progenitors exhibited quantitative and qualitative defects and failed to generate functional pDCs ex vivo in an IFN-I-dependent manner. Exhausted pDC numbers were, however, maintained by peripheral self-renewal via sustained proliferation of CD4- pDC subsets that was induced by IFN-I receptor and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling in a cell-intrinsic manner. In contrast, functional impairment of exhausted pDCs was independent of IFN-I receptor signaling. We further studied mechanisms underlying adaptation of progenitors, that can give rise to conventional DCs (cDCs) as well as pDCs, by determining the transcriptional and chromatin landscapes of bone marrow DC progenitors from LCMV-infected mice and applying these datasets to Taiji algorithm to predict the activity of transcription factors (TFs). We found that, Glucocorticoid Modulatory Element Binding Protein 1 (Gmeb1), which was predicted to exhibit increased activity in progenitors during LCMV infection, suppressed pDC development in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner. Further studies revealed that glucocorticoid suppressed pDC development during LCMV infection. Gmeb1 also promoted development but suppressed maturation of cDC1s in a glucocorticoid-independent manner. Overall, our work provides a framework to understand how innate immune adaptation can be triggered and sustained during chronic viral infection. Moreover, by highlighting novel TF regulators of DC progenitors and their progeny, our work enhances our understanding of DC biology and unveils potential therapeutic targets to harness DCs.
Author: Yeara Jo Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 124
Book Description
During chronic infections, sustained cell adaptation has been mostly studied in the adaptive immune compartment but much less is known on how innate immune cells adjust to a persistently infectious milieu. Particularly, dendritic cells (DCs), which are central players in immune responses, adapt during chronic infections. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Thus, to understand how short-lived innate cells adapt to lifelong persistent infections, we first studied plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), which specialize in Type I Interferon (IFN-I) production and often become functionally exhausted in chronic settings. Using a murine chronic viral infection model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), we found that bone marrow pDC progenitors exhibited quantitative and qualitative defects and failed to generate functional pDCs ex vivo in an IFN-I-dependent manner. Exhausted pDC numbers were, however, maintained by peripheral self-renewal via sustained proliferation of CD4- pDC subsets that was induced by IFN-I receptor and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling in a cell-intrinsic manner. In contrast, functional impairment of exhausted pDCs was independent of IFN-I receptor signaling. We further studied mechanisms underlying adaptation of progenitors, that can give rise to conventional DCs (cDCs) as well as pDCs, by determining the transcriptional and chromatin landscapes of bone marrow DC progenitors from LCMV-infected mice and applying these datasets to Taiji algorithm to predict the activity of transcription factors (TFs). We found that, Glucocorticoid Modulatory Element Binding Protein 1 (Gmeb1), which was predicted to exhibit increased activity in progenitors during LCMV infection, suppressed pDC development in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner. Further studies revealed that glucocorticoid suppressed pDC development during LCMV infection. Gmeb1 also promoted development but suppressed maturation of cDC1s in a glucocorticoid-independent manner. Overall, our work provides a framework to understand how innate immune adaptation can be triggered and sustained during chronic viral infection. Moreover, by highlighting novel TF regulators of DC progenitors and their progeny, our work enhances our understanding of DC biology and unveils potential therapeutic targets to harness DCs.
Author: Kenneth Murphy Publisher: Garland Science ISBN: 9780815344575 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.
Author: Neal Nathanson Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080471056 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 279
Book Description
Based on the highly successful reference work Viral Pathogenesis published in 1997, this concise, economical version can be used both as an introductory text or for self-education by medical students and biologists alike. This latest edition provides a completely revised overview of the subject with new chapters on innate immunity, emerging viral diseases, and antiviral therapy in a format that is easy to understand without continually referring to additional information. Used by the author in his graduate classes at the University of Pennsylvania, it sets forth the essential principles and discusses the details of how the immune system responds to viral invasion including the treatment and prevention of infection. Illustrated by pertinent examples it is one of the only books devoted exclusively to this topic. * Offers almost a 20% expansion over the first edition * Focuses specifically on viral pathogenesis unlike other texts where only a few chapters are devoted to the topic* Neal Nathanson is one of the primary authorities in the field and has authored chapters on viral pathogenesis in two of the most well known virology and microbiology titles Field's Virology and Topley and Wilson's Microbiology* Now in four color throughout!
Author: Massimo Amadori Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128019743 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 278
Book Description
The Innate Immune Response to Non-infectious Stressors: Human and Animal Models highlights fundamental mechanisms of stress response and important findings on how the immune system is affected, and in turn affects such a response. In addition, this book covers the crucial link between stress response and energy metabolism, prompts a re-appraisal of some crucial issues, and helps to define research priorities in this fascinating, somehow elusive field of investigation. Provides insights into the fundamental homeostatic processes vis-à-vis stressors to help in investigation Illustrates the depicted tenets and how to offset them against established models of response to physical and psychotic stressors in both animals and humans Covers the crucial issue of the immune response to endocrine disruptors Includes immunological parameters as reporter system of environmental adaptation Provides many illustrative examples to foster reader understanding
Author: R. Ahmed Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell ISBN: Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 754
Book Description
Persistent Viral Infections Edited by Rafi Ahmed Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, USA and Irvin S. Y. Chen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA During the past decade much of our attention has focused on diseases associated with viral persistence. Major breakthroughs in immunology, and the advent of molecular approaches to study pathogenesis have increased our understanding of the complex virus-host interactions that occur during viral persistence. Persistent Viral Infections focuses on: * The pathogenesis and immunology of chronic infections * Animal models that provide, or have the potential to provide, major insights This volume will be essential reading for virologists, immunologists, oncologists and neurologists.
Author: Gkikas Magiorkinis Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889632296 Category : Languages : en Pages : 186
Book Description
There is a long-standing evolutionary battle between viruses and their hosts that continues to be waged. The evidence of this conflict can be found on both sides, with the human immune system being responsive to new viral challenges and viruses having developed often sophisticated countermeasures. The “arms race” between viruses and hosts can be thought as an example of the “Red Queen” race, an evolutionary hypothesis inspired from the dialogue of Alice with the Red Queen in Lewis Carroll’s “Through the Looking-Glass”. At the same time, viruses have a minimal genomic content as they have evolved to hitchhike biological machinery of their hosts (or other co-infecting viruses). The minimalistic viral genome could be thought as the result of a “Black Queen” evolution, a theory inspired from the card game Heart, where the winner is the one with the fewest points at the end. The effects of this arms race are evident in the evolution of the human immune system. This system is capable of responding to diverse viral challenges, utilizing both the ancient innate immune system and the more recently evolved adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates. It is now well-known that the two systems are linked, with innate immunity hypothesized to have provided raw material for the emergence of the adaptive immune response. The adaptive immune response comprises several protein families (including B and T cell receptors, MHC and KIR proteins, for example) that are encoded by complex and variable genomic regions. This complexity enables for responsive genetic changes to occur in immune cells, such as the ability of genomic hypervariable regions in B cells to recombine in order to produce more specific antibodies. Indeed, the human immune system is thought to be continually evolving via various mechanisms such as changes in the genes encoding immune receptors and the regulatory sequences that control their expression. For example, there is some evidence that exogenous viral infections can alter the expression of endogenous retroviruses, some of which contribute to the immune response. Viral countermeasures can include encoding decoy receptors for the signalling molecules of the immune response, altering the gene expression of adaptive immune cells during chronic infection or using host enzymes to facilitate viral immune escape. As the articles herein show, the immune system continues to be challenged by viral infections and these challenges continue to shape how the immune system combats pathogens, thus viruses and human immunity are continuously part of “Red and Black Queen” evolutionary dynamics. We had the pleasure of working with Jonas Blomberg as a reviewer during the course of the Research Topic and his untimely passing was a great loss. Prof. Blomberg made significant contributions, including to the nomenclature of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), the evolution and characterization of specific human ERV (HERV) and the contribution of ERVs to diseases such as cancer. It is with great respect for his contributions to the ERV field that we dedicate this eBook to his memory.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309220424 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 200
Book Description
For many years, experiments using chimpanzees have been instrumental in advancing scientific knowledge and have led to new medicines to prevent life-threatening and debilitating diseases. However, recent advances in alternate research tools have rendered chimpanzees largely unnecessary as research subjects. The Institute of Medicine, in collaboration with the National Research Council, conducted an in-depth analysis of the scientific necessity for chimpanzees in NIH-funded biomedical and behavioral research. The committee concludes that while the chimpanzee has been a valuable animal model in the past, most current biomedical research use of chimpanzees is not necessary, though noted that it is impossible to predict whether research on emerging or new diseases may necessitate chimpanzees in the future.
Author: D H Davies Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 020348438X Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 250
Book Description
This concise text explores the interactions between pathogens and the immune system. Taking a disease-based approach, it explains how micro-organisms adapted to growth in human hosts can evade the immune system and cause disease. The opening chapter overviews the innate and adaptive immune responses to microbes. Subsequent chapters are specific to particular pathogens, beginning with their biology and leading on to illustrate mechanisms of adaptation and ensuing consequences. Each of these chapters ends with a summary, review questions and further reading lists. Summaries, review questions and further reading make this book suitable for self-directed study. Infection and Immunity is ideal for any undergraduates taking a course that explores the interaction between pathogens and the human immune system.
Author: Mazen Habayeb Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing ISBN: 9783838320212 Category : Languages : en Pages : 64
Book Description
Persistent viral infections have been shown to reside in the host and cause various diseases. On the other hand, Drosophila melanogaster has been widely used as a model organism to study the immune responses against bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Here, I present D. melanogaster as a model to study persistent virus infections. This book covers the strength of using this model system, describes viruses that infect it and give details about the Drosophila innate antiviral immunity. It furthermore explains about persistent infections and clarify definitions used in this field. It finally summarize the work of a newly discovered persistent RNA virus in Drosophila melanogaster, the Nora virus, and its biology and interaction with its host.
Author: Yeara Jo
Author: Yeara Jo
Author: 
Author: Kenneth Murphy
Author: Neal Nathanson
Author: Massimo Amadori
Author: R. Ahmed
Author: Gkikas Magiorkinis
Author: National Research Council
Author: D H Davies
Author: Mazen Habayeb