A Voice-Based Framework for Evaluating Claims of Minority Shareholder Oppression in the Close Corporation PDF Download
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Author: Benjamin Means Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 50
Book Description
Ordinary principles of corporate governance leave minority shareholders in close corporations vulnerable to oppression: majority shareholders have broad discretion to make employment, dividend, and other business decisions that may disadvantage the minority. Unlike shareholders in public corporations, minority shareholders cannot escape mistreatment by selling their stock and exiting the corporation. There is, by definition, no secondary trading market for close corporation stock. Because minority shareholder oppression is made possible by the normal features of the close corporation, courts face the difficult task of adjusting the relationship of shareholders to remedy oppression without thereby undermining the reasons investors have for choosing the close corporation form in the first place.This Article contends that voice offers an under-appreciated alternative mechanism to exit for protecting minority shareholder interests. For reasons analogous to those offered in favor of deliberation in the public sphere, enhanced minority participation in close corporation governance would improve the quality and the perceived legitimacy of decision-making. Also, minority shareholders often expect to have a role in the management of the business and ought to be encouraged to assume that responsibility.To create greater incentives for voice and to guide the adjudication of claims of minority shareholder oppression, courts should: (1) recognize (and embrace) the principle that the appropriate level of judicial scrutiny may vary from case to case; and (2) use the presence or absence of minority shareholder participation in governance to determine the proper level of scrutiny. Close corporations would then have reason to adopt inclusive governance models in order to benefit from more deferential judicial review, and enhanced minority shareholder voice would improve the parties' ability to resolve disputes without the need for judicial intervention. When litigation cannot be avoided, flexible judicial scrutiny would improve upon existing approaches to shareholder oppression, allocating pleading or production burdens to the party best able to meet them.
Author: Benjamin Means Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 50
Book Description
Ordinary principles of corporate governance leave minority shareholders in close corporations vulnerable to oppression: majority shareholders have broad discretion to make employment, dividend, and other business decisions that may disadvantage the minority. Unlike shareholders in public corporations, minority shareholders cannot escape mistreatment by selling their stock and exiting the corporation. There is, by definition, no secondary trading market for close corporation stock. Because minority shareholder oppression is made possible by the normal features of the close corporation, courts face the difficult task of adjusting the relationship of shareholders to remedy oppression without thereby undermining the reasons investors have for choosing the close corporation form in the first place.This Article contends that voice offers an under-appreciated alternative mechanism to exit for protecting minority shareholder interests. For reasons analogous to those offered in favor of deliberation in the public sphere, enhanced minority participation in close corporation governance would improve the quality and the perceived legitimacy of decision-making. Also, minority shareholders often expect to have a role in the management of the business and ought to be encouraged to assume that responsibility.To create greater incentives for voice and to guide the adjudication of claims of minority shareholder oppression, courts should: (1) recognize (and embrace) the principle that the appropriate level of judicial scrutiny may vary from case to case; and (2) use the presence or absence of minority shareholder participation in governance to determine the proper level of scrutiny. Close corporations would then have reason to adopt inclusive governance models in order to benefit from more deferential judicial review, and enhanced minority shareholder voice would improve the parties' ability to resolve disputes without the need for judicial intervention. When litigation cannot be avoided, flexible judicial scrutiny would improve upon existing approaches to shareholder oppression, allocating pleading or production burdens to the party best able to meet them.
Author: Eric W. Orts Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA ISBN: 0199670919 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 327
Book Description
Business firms are ubiquitous in modern society, but an appreciation of how they are formed and for what purposes requires an understanding of their legal foundations. This book provides a scholarly and yet accessible introduction to the legal framework of modern business enterprises. It explains how the legal ideas allow for the construction and recognition of business firms as persons having rights and responsibilities. It also shows how law sets the boundariesof firms. Specific applications include contributions to debates about executive compensation and political free-speech rights of corporations. Anyone who wishes to have a deeper understanding of thenature of business firms and their role in modern society will benefit from reading this book.
Author: Arthur B. Laby Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1108617603 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 375
Book Description
The scholarship on fiduciary duties in business organizations is often pulled in two directions. While most observers would agree that business organizations are one of the key contexts for the application of the fiduciary obligation, corporate law theorists have often expressed disdain for the role of fiduciary duties, with the result that fiduciary law and theory have been out of step with the business world. This volume aims to rectify this situation by bringing together a range of scholars to analyze fiduciary relationships and the fiduciary obligation in the business context. Contributing authors examine fiduciary obligations in fields ranging from entity structure to bankruptcy to investment regulation. The volume demonstrates that fiduciary law can inform pressing corporate governance debates, including discussions over stakeholder models of the corporation that move beyond shareholder interests.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309452961 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 583
Book Description
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Author: Elizabeth Anderson Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 0691192243 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 222
Book Description
Why our workplaces are authoritarian private governments—and why we can’t see it One in four American workers says their workplace is a “dictatorship.” Yet that number almost certainly would be higher if we recognized employers for what they are—private governments with sweeping authoritarian power over our lives. Many employers minutely regulate workers’ speech, clothing, and manners on the job, and employers often extend their authority to the off-duty lives of workers, who can be fired for their political speech, recreational activities, diet, and almost anything else employers care to govern. In this compelling book, Elizabeth Anderson examines why, despite all this, we continue to talk as if free markets make workers free, and she proposes a better way to think about the workplace, opening up space for discovering how workers can enjoy real freedom.
Author: Alan K Koh Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9781009545754 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Close corporations, which are legal forms popular with small and medium enterprises, are crucial to every major economy's private sector. However, unlike their 'public' corporation counterparts, close corporation minority shareholders have limited exit options, and are structurally vulnerable in conflicts with majority or controlling shareholders. 'Withdrawal remedies'-legal mechanisms enabling aggrieved shareholders to exit companies with monetary claims-are potent minority shareholder protection mechanisms. This book critically examines the theory and operation of withdrawal remedies in four jurisdictions: the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan. Developing and applying a theoretical and comparative framework to the analysis of these jurisdictions' withdrawal remedies, this book proposes a model withdrawal remedy that is potentially applicable to any jurisdiction. With its international, functional, and comparative analysis of withdrawal remedies, it challenges preconceptions about shareholder remedies and offers a methodology for comparative corporate law in both scholarship and practice.
Author: Osonde A. Osoba Publisher: ISBN: 9781977403131 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 100
Book Description
This report is an examination of pathologies in social institutions' use of algorithmic decisionmaking processes. The primary focus is understanding how to evaluate the equitable use of algorithms across a range of specific applications.
Author: Benjamin Means
Author: Benjamin Means
Author: Eric W. Orts
Author: 
Author: Arthur B. Laby
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: Paulo Freire
Author: Douglas K. Moll
Author: Elizabeth Anderson
Author: Alan K Koh
Author: Osonde A. Osoba