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Author: Cassandra Lynn Coleman Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages : 52
Book Description
The genus Gasteranthus (Gesneriaceae), with 41 currently described species, including 3 subspecies, occurs in Central and South America. This genus has a center of diversity in Ecuador and is comprised of herbs or subshrubs that grow predominately in humid to wet tropical forests and is especially abundant near streams and waterfalls. Species of Gasteranthus have two morphologically different corolla shapes. The hypocyrtoid (pouched) shape is defined by an inflated ventral pouch and constricted throat while the campanulate (non-pouched) shape is defined by a funnelform corolla. Molecular sequence data generated from nrDNA (ITS and ETS) and cpDNA (matKR and trnL-F) were generated for 57 taxa representing 32 species of Gasteranthus and 25 species from closely related genera. This study strongly supports that shifts between campanulate and hypocyrtoid flowers have occurred several times within Gasteranthus, though the result is equivocal as to which floral form is plesiomorphic. Phylogenetic analyses support that Gasteranthus dressleri should be transferred to Cremosperma and given a new combination. Phylogenetic results and fieldwork have shown that new circumscriptions are necessary for names previously synonymized in Gasteranthus pansamalanus and Gasteranthus lateralis. Finally, Gasteranthus aurantiacus is recognized as a synonym of Gasteranthus mutabilis.
Author: Cassandra Lynn Coleman Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic dissertations Languages : en Pages : 52
Book Description
The genus Gasteranthus (Gesneriaceae), with 41 currently described species, including 3 subspecies, occurs in Central and South America. This genus has a center of diversity in Ecuador and is comprised of herbs or subshrubs that grow predominately in humid to wet tropical forests and is especially abundant near streams and waterfalls. Species of Gasteranthus have two morphologically different corolla shapes. The hypocyrtoid (pouched) shape is defined by an inflated ventral pouch and constricted throat while the campanulate (non-pouched) shape is defined by a funnelform corolla. Molecular sequence data generated from nrDNA (ITS and ETS) and cpDNA (matKR and trnL-F) were generated for 57 taxa representing 32 species of Gasteranthus and 25 species from closely related genera. This study strongly supports that shifts between campanulate and hypocyrtoid flowers have occurred several times within Gasteranthus, though the result is equivocal as to which floral form is plesiomorphic. Phylogenetic analyses support that Gasteranthus dressleri should be transferred to Cremosperma and given a new combination. Phylogenetic results and fieldwork have shown that new circumscriptions are necessary for names previously synonymized in Gasteranthus pansamalanus and Gasteranthus lateralis. Finally, Gasteranthus aurantiacus is recognized as a synonym of Gasteranthus mutabilis.
Author: Laura Clavijo Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 496
Book Description
Understanding the patterns and processes that have shaped the current distribution of biodiversity in the Neotropics is a major focus in biological research. Robust phylogenetic hypotheses are fundamental to infer these patters, and address hypotheses of character and range evolution. Drymonia, which is the third largest genus of Neotropical Gesneriaceae, encompasses remarkable variation in floral, fruit and growth habit traits. This research explores several aspects of the systematics and evolutionary biology of the genus Drymonia. First, we evaluate the evolutionary context for changes in corolla throat constriction across the genus. We show that open, bell-shaped (campanulate) corollas are supported as the ancestral state for Drymonia, with multiple independent origins of constriction in the corolla tube. From observations of pollinator's visits, we infer an association of hummingbird pollination with constricted corolla tubes, suggesting that narrowing evolved as a barrier mechanism to limit the visitation by bees. Second, we propose an extensive taxon-sampled phylogenetic hypothesis for Drymonia and its closest relatives, which are part of the core Andean-centered clade. The monophyly of Drymonia is strongly supported. However, the infra-generic relationships, and the relationships within the core Andean-centered clade remain poorly supported. We investigate the historical biogeography of the genus, and estimate a Tropical Andes origin. Drymonia rapidly diversified in the Andes during the late Miocene with subsequent movements to Central America, the Pacific Andean slopes, and more recently to the Amazon. We explore patterns of morphological evolution in five characters. The estimated ancestral states for Drymonia are entomophilous syndrome, funnelform/campanulate corolla, anther dehiscence by basal pores, fleshy capsules, and climber growth. Independent origins of ornithophilous corollas, berries, and epiphytism suggest a very dynamic pattern of morphological evolution in Drymonia. We suggest that a combination of interaction with pollinators, and adaptation to different habits created by the Andes orogeny may have played an important role in the diversification of the group. Finally, we focus on the taxonomical aspects of the genus. Based on the study of ~3600 herbarium specimens, and additional living plants in the field and botanical gardens, we discovered five new species of Drymonia, which are described here.
Author: Klaus Kubitzki Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3662072556 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 425
Book Description
This encyclopedia contains a comprehensive treatment of the taxonomy of the families and genera of ferns and seed plants. The present volume, the fifth in this series, deals with three major groups of dicotyledons, the Capparales, Malvales, and Non-betalain Caryophyllales.
Author: F. Merlin Franco Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9783030383886 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This volume is a compendium of selected plant species of ethnobotanical value to the highland communities of popular Southeast Asia. “Traditional” knowledge held by local communities on their resources is always in flux and adapting to a quickly changing environment. New plants find their entry into the local pharmacopoeias, while existing ones maybe removed. Likewise, various local communities might find the same plant useful for completely different purposes. While compiling information on the species, authors have taken great care to ensure that the dynamic nature of ethnobotanical knowledge is represented adequately. Special emphasis has also been given to cultural value of species to the local communities in the region. The field (and thus the market) of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology has grown considerably in recent years. Student interest is on the rise, attendance at professional conferences has grown steadily, and the number of professionals calling themselves ethnobotanists has increased significantly (the various societies (Society for Economic Botany, International Society of Ethnopharmacology, Society of Ethnobiology, International Society for Ethnobiology, and many regional and national societies in the field currently have thousands of members). The objective of this new Major Reference Work on Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions of Southeast Asia is to take advantage of the increasing international interest and scholarship on highland landscapes and communities. While ethnobotanical studies are now available from many regions of the world, no comprehensive encyclopedic volume on the highlands of popular SE Asia is available in the market. We include the best and latest research on a full range of descriptive, methodological, theoretical, and applied research on the most important plants for the region. Scholars in plant sciences worldwide will also be interested in the dedicated website for this volume and its dynamic content.
Author: Carina Hoorn Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1444360256 Category : Science Languages : hi Pages : 869
Book Description
The book focuses on geological history as the critical factor in determining the present biodiversity and landscapes of Amazonia. The different driving mechanisms for landscape evolution are explored by reviewing the history of the Amazonian Craton, the associated sedimentary basins, and the role of mountain uplift and climate change. This book provdes an insight into the Meso- and Cenozoic record of Amazonia that was characterized by fluvial and long-lived lake systems and a highly diverse flora and fauna. This fauna includes giants such as the ca. 12 m long caiman Purussaurus, but also a varied fish fauna and fragile molluscs, whilst fossil pollen and spores form relics of ancestral swamps and rainforests. Finally, a review the molecular datasets of the modern Amazonian rainforest and aquatic ecosystem, discussing the possible relations between the origin of Amazonian species diversity and the palaeogeographic, palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental evolution of northern South America. The multidisciplinary approach in evaluating the history of Amazonia has resulted in a comprehensive volume that provides novel insights into the evolution of this region.
Author: R. Toby Pennington Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1420004492 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 509
Book Description
More often than not, when people think of a neotropical forest, what comes to mind is a rain forest, rather than a dry forest. Just as typically, when they imagine a savanna, they visualize the African plains, rather than those dry woodlands and grasslands found in the Neotropics. These same preconceptions can be found among scientists, as these ne
Author: Jan J. Rybczyński Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3642540104 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 345
Book Description
This is the first of two volumes on Gentianaceae. Comprising twelve chapters, it centres upon the characterization and ecology of Gentianaceae worldwide, with emphasis on the application of molecular and cytological approaches in relation to taxonomy. The first three chapters consider the classification of the family and review the advances in research since the earlier revision published in 2002, which resulted in the reclassification of some plants and the naming of new genera. The next chapter provides the most comprehensive report to date of the systematics of South American Neotropical woody Gentians. Other reviews include details of the Gentianaceae in Eastern Europe. The key biochemical steps that result in the diversity of Gentian flower colors, the cytology of European species and an historical account of the importance of Gentians in herbal medicines are also covered. Furthermore, an analysis of gene expression in overwintering buds is presented, discussing several aspects of plant taxonomy, phenotypic characteristics, phylogeography and pedigree. Two contributions highlight the importance of Gentians in India, and the last chapter presents evidence for the importance of Glomeromycota in developing arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with the roots of Gentians. This volume provides the basis for the biotechnological approaches that are considered in the companion book The Gentianaceae – Volume 2: Biotechnology and Applications.
Author: Eran Pichersky Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 0429849257 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 398
Book Description
Plant volatiles—compounds emitted from plant organs to interact with the surrounding environment—play essential roles in attracting pollinators and defending against herbivores and pathogenes, plant-plant signaling, and abiotic stress responses. Biology of Plant Volatiles, with contributions from leading international groups of distinguished scientists in the field, explores the major aspects of plant scent biology. Responding to new developments in the detection of the complex compound structures of volatiles, this book details the composition and biosynthesis of plant volatiles and their mode of emission. It explains the function and significance of volatiles for plants as well as insects and microbes whose interactions with plants are affected by these compounds. The content also explores the biotechnological and commercial potential for the manipulation of plant volatiles. Features: Combines widely scattered literature in a single volume for the first time, covering all important aspects of plant volatiles, from their chemical structures to their biosynthesis to their roles in the interactions of plants with their biotic and abiotic environment Takes an interdisciplinary approach, providing multilevel analysis from chemistry and genes to enzymology, cell biology, organismal biology and ecology Includes up-to-date methodologies in plant scent biology research, from molecular biology and enzymology to functional genomics This book will be a touchstone for future research on the many applications of plant volatiles and is aimed at plant biologists, entomologists, evolutionary biologists and researchers in the horticulture and perfume industries.
Author: Cassandra Lynn Coleman
Author: Cassandra Lynn Coleman
Author: Laura Clavijo
Author: Klaus Kubitzki
Author: Philip Mathew
Author: F. Merlin Franco
Author: Carina Hoorn
Author: George Don
Author: R. Toby Pennington
Author: Jan J. Rybczyński
Author: Eran Pichersky