A Novel Approach to Identify the Difference in Kinematic Behavior of Human Model Lower Extremities with Respect to Muscle Activation During Impact Crash Responses Using OpenSim PDF Download

Author: Kishan Srinivas Indrani
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 72

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Book Description
The main objective of this thesis is to develop a computational human musculoskeletal model to investigate the change in the kinematic behavior of the model's lower extremities under the influence of activated (active) and deactivated (passive) muscles during a representation frontal collision using OpenSim software. Since OpenSim is seldom used in crash simulations, an appropriate model evaluation is performed by comparing the model's kinematics, obtained from the OpenSim's inverse dynamic simulation, against LS-DYNA's explicit non-linear side impact simulation of a finite element model for a car-pedestrian collision. The required musculoskeletal model is constructed in OpenSim and scaled to meet the requirements of the Hybrid III 50th Percentile crash test dummy. For evaluating the developed model, the kinematics from both programs (OpenSim and LS-DYNA), containing identical displacement data, is compared by visual observation of identical time frames. Using the evaluated model in the forward dynamics domain of OpenSim, a representative frontal crash simulation is conducted for the active and passive muscle states of the model, and the kinematic difference in its lower extremities is observed and compared. The results were also compared to MADYMO's human body model simulations conducted under similar conditions. This study indicates that the role of the muscle activation on the human body responses during a car collision is important. The novel technique developed and utilized in this study is shown to be quite useful in modeling and simulation of a car occupant's real kinematic response during a car collision.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 4

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A lower extremity model has been developed to study occupant injury mechanisms of the major bones and ligamentous soft tissues resulting from vehicle collisions. The model is based on anatomically correct digitized bone surfaces of the pelvis, femur, patella and the tibia. Many muscles, tendons and ligaments were incrementally added to the basic bone model. We have simulated two types of occupant loading that occur in a crash environment using a non-linear large deformation finite element code. The modeling approach assumed that the leg was passive during its response to the excitation, that is, no active muscular contraction and therefore no active change in limb stiffness. The approach recognized that the most important contributions of the muscles to the lower extremity response are their ability to define and modify the impedance of the limb. When nonlinear material behavior in a component of the leg model was deemed important to response, a nonlinear constitutive model was incorporated. The accuracy of these assumptions can be verified only through a review of analysis results and careful comparison with test data. As currently defined, the model meets the objective for which it was created. Much work remains to be done, both from modeling and analysis perspectives, before the model can be considered complete. The model implements a modeling philosophy that can accurately capture both kinematic and kinetic response of the lower limb. We have demonstrated that the lower extremity model is a valuable tool for understanding the injury processes and mechanisms. We are now in a position to extend the computer simulation to investigate the clinical fracture patterns observed in actual crashes. Additional experience with this model will enable us to make a statement on what measures are needed to significantly reduce lower extremity injuries in vehicle crashes. 6 refs.

Author: Paweł Kudzia
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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In this thesis, I explore legged agility with a primary focus on controlling external ground reaction forces produced by our legs. I conduct empirical studies and develop models to understand how we control external forces and develop innovative means to measure them. My research consists of four aims, each contributing to our understanding of human performance and driving potential advancements in sports, robotics, and rehabilitative technologies. In Aim 1, I characterize the control of leg external forces (n=14). To achieve this, I construct a mechanical system and a real-time visual feedback system to capture force magnitudes and positions exerted by my leg. Using system identification, I gain insights into the control of leg external forces across different magnitudes and positions. In Aim 2, I examine the effects of neuromuscular fatigue on our nervous system's capacity to control leg external forces (n=18). I hypothesize that heightened fatigue results in a decrease in both the responsiveness and accuracy of leg force control. My results reveal a significant reduction in mean maximum force production, leading to a substantial decline in my leg force control responsiveness. These findings enhance our understanding of how fatigue influences agility and may guide strategies to sustain performance in the presence of fatigue. In Aim 3, I set out to understand the limit of vertical jumping by studying the external forces generated during jumping (n=10). I develop physics-based models of varying complexity to predict external forces during vertical jumps and identify the simplest model that accurately predicts human-like forces. This model, capable of simulating jumps from different depths, highlights the significance of force-velocity properties and maximal force as limiting factors for jump height. In Aim 4, I develop a novel approach to estimate the external forces generated by each leg during vertical jumps. Using a transformer-based neural network and video data (n=30), I demonstrate that the model accurately predicts each leg's external forces, offering a new tool for measuring jump height and forces from video. My work aims to make biomechanical analysis accessible, a task typically confined to laboratory settings. In summary, this thesis investigates the control of leg external forces, the effects of fatigue, and the development of predictive models. It underscores the potential of machine learning in biomechanical analysis, contributing to a broader understanding of human performance and paving the way for new technological advancements.

Author: Timothy Steven Clark
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 208

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Author: Bartlomiej Pilarczyk
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Computational Human Body Models (HBMs) enable the assessment of human response in potentially injurious impact scenarios; however, to do so HBMs require biofidelic material representations to predict the potential for injury risk. HBMs are recently seeing a widespread application in modelling vehicle occupant response for car crash scenarios. Although the soft tissue deformations in these scenarios occur at high deformation rates, a biofidelic model requires quasi static properties of the tissues prior to the incorporation of deformation rate effects. Specifically, soft tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and skin play an important role in impact response including supporting and protecting the internal organs. At present, the mechanical responses of muscle, skin, and adipose tissue are measured using excised tissue experiments and assessed at the individual tissue level, providing a valuable source of information on the behaviour of a particular tissue. Current computational models use these experimental results to define individual tissue response. However, the literature review revealed that there is a paucity of experimental and numerical studies assessing the cooperation of the soft tissues and their joint contribution to a loading scenario. The current study addresses this paucity by creating a Simplified Arm Model (SAM) comprising skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and skin assessed using a quasi static upper arm indentation test. In this study, material properties for the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and skin were collected from individual experimental tissue tests reported in the literature. This data set was called New Soft Tissues (NST), and the properties were implemented in the SAM. Finally, the arm model was assessed using a quasi static indentation test and the predicted force displacement response was compared to a published human volunteer data set. The model predicted the response of the upper arm to the indentation in agreement with the shape and the magnitude of the experimental data. The work performed by the indenter differed by 2% to 65% from the experimental response. To address the variability within the human population, a series of parametric studies were performed assessing: skin thickness, skin age, and the circumference of the arm. The response of the SAM to indentation was close to the experimental average and demonstrated sensitivity to arm diameter. Moreover, the current study showed that the main contributor to the indentation response was the compressive properties of the muscle tissue followed by the adipose tissue, and to a lesser extent the skin. Future research should consider deformation rate effects and the importance of muscle activation on response.

Author: Andrés Kecskeméthy
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400729782
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 196

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Book Description
Kinematics is an exciting area of computational mechanics which plays a central role in a great variety of fields and industrial applications. Apart from research in pure kinematics, the field offers challenging problems of practical relevance that need to be solved in an interdisciplinary manner in order for new technologies to develop. The present book collects a number of important contributions presented during the First Conference on Interdisciplinary Applications of Kinematics (IAK 2008) held in Lima, Peru. To share inspiration and non-standard solutions among the different applications, the conference brought together scientists from several research fields related to kinematics, such as for example, computational kinematics, multibody systems, industrial machines, robotics, biomechanics, mechatronics and chemistry. The conference focused on all aspects of kinematics, namely modeling, optimization, experimental validation, industrial applications, theoretical kinematical methods, and design. The results should be of interest for practicing and research engineers as well as Ph.D. students from the fields of mechanical and electrical engineering, computer science, and computer graphics.

Author: Lauren Elizabeth Schroeder
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 98

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Book Description
Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common sports-related injury. "High-risk" dynamic movements, such as a sidecut, have been associated with increasing the risk of noncontact ACL injury. Certain biomechanical abnormalities, specifically at the hip and knee, and neuromuscular abnormalities, such as unbalanced quadriceps-to-hamstrings activation ratios and certain activation patterns prior to initial contact and after initial contact, have also been associated with an increased likelihood of noncontact ACL injuries occurring. Approximately 78% of all NCAA Division I softball game-day injuries are classified as noncontact where there is no direct contact to a player. Internal derangement of the knee accounted for 221 game day injuries, and 31% of these injuries were noncontact ACL injuries. The base runner was at the greatest risk of injury, with 28.8% of athletes base running at the time of injury. Additionally, 9% of base runners, or 187 athletes, were injured while contacting the base. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a raised surface on lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation patterns during a sidecut, simulating rounding first base. Participants completed two base conditions - with a base present (WB) and no base (NB) present with a controlled entrance and exit speed. Results indicated the only biomechanical difference between base conditions was greater peak knee adduction moments in the NB condition compared to the WB condition. These findings suggest that the body may be in a better position when a raised surface is present during a sidecut and decrease the risk of noncontact ACL injury. Therefore, examining movement patterns at the ankle may provide a better explanation for noncontact ACL injuries that occur during this time. Regarding muscle activation, there was significantly greater quadriceps activation post-contact compared to pre-contact. Significantly greater quadriceps activation creates a large anterior shear force on the ACL, increasing risk of injury.

Author: Joseph Hamill
Publisher: LWW
ISBN: 9781451177305
Category : Biomechanics
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
Focusing on the quantitative nature of biomechanics, this book integrates current literature, meaningful numerical examples, relevant applications, hands-on exercises, and functional anatomy, physics, calculus, and physiology to help students - regardless of their mathematical background - understand the full continuum of human movement potential.

Author: Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky
Publisher: Human Kinetics
ISBN: 1492582107
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 543

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Book Description
Richly illustrated and presented in clear, concise language, Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles is an essential resource for those seeking advanced knowledge of muscle biomechanics. Written by leading experts Vladimir Zatsiorsky and Boris Prilutsky, the text is one of the few to look at muscle biomechanics in its entirety—from muscle fibers to muscle coordination—making it a unique contribution to the field. Using a blend of experimental evidence and mechanical models, Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles provides an explanation of whole muscle biomechanics at work in the body in motion. The book first addresses the mechanical behavior of single muscles—from the sarcomere level up to the entire muscle. The architecture of human muscle, the mechanical properties of tendons and passive muscles, the biomechanics of active muscles, and the force transmission and shock absorption aspects of muscle are explored in detail. Next, the various issues of muscle functioning during human motion are addressed. The transformation from muscle force to joint movements, two-joint muscle function, eccentric muscle action, and muscle coordination are analyzed. This advanced text assumes some knowledge of algebra and calculus; however, the emphasis is on understanding physical concepts. Higher-level computational descriptions are placed in special sections in the later chapters of the book, allowing those with a strong mathematical background to explore this material in more detail. Readers who choose to skip over these sections will find that the book still provides a strong conceptual understanding of advanced topics. Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles also contains numerous special features that facilitate readers’ comprehension of the topics presented. More than 300 illustrations and accompanying explanations provide an extensive visual representation of muscle biomechanics. Refresher sidebars offer brief reminders of mathematical and biomechanical concepts, and From the Literature sidebars present practical examples that illustrate the concepts under discussion. Chapter summaries and review questions provide an opportunity for reflection and self-testing, and reference lists at the end of each chapter provide a starting point for further study. Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles offers a thorough explanation of whole muscle biomechanics, bridging the gap between foundational biomechanics texts and scientific literature. With the information found in this text, readers can prepare themselves to better understand the latest in cutting-edge research. Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles is the third volume in the Biomechanics of Human Motion series. Advanced readers in human movement science gain a comprehensive understanding of the biomechanics of human motion as presented by one of the world’s foremost researchers on the subject, Dr. Vladimir Zatsiorsky. The series begins with Kinematics of Human Motion, which details human body positioning and movement in three dimensions; continues with Kinetics of Human Motion, which examines the forces that create body motion and their effects; and concludes with Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles, which explains the action of the biological motors that exert force and produce mechanical work during human movement.

Author: Paulo Flores
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319308971
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 177

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Book Description
This book analyzes several compliant contact force models within the context of multibody dynamics, while also revisiting the main issues associated with fundamental contact mechanics. In particular, it presents various contact force models, from linear to nonlinear, from purely elastic to dissipative, and describes their parameters. Addressing the different numerical methods and algorithms for contact problems in multibody systems, the book describes the gross motion of multibody systems by using a two-dimensional formulation based on the absolute coordinates and employs different contact models to represent contact-impact events. Results for selected planar multibody mechanical systems are presented and utilized to discuss the main assumptions and procedures adopted throughout this work. The material provided here indicates that the prediction of the dynamic behavior of mechanical systems involving contact-impact strongly depends on the choice of contact force model. In short, the book provides a comprehensive resource for the multibody dynamics community and beyond on modeling contact forces and the dynamics of mechanical systems undergoing contact-impact events.