A Molecular Diagnostic Survey of Pathogens and Parasites of Honey Bees, Apis Mellifera L., from Arkansas and Oklahoma PDF Download
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Author: Dylan Alexandra Cleary Publisher: ISBN: Category : Honeybee Languages : en Pages : 244
Book Description
The health and viability of colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, in the United States have fluctuated dramatically over the past decade. This poses a substantial threat to agricultural production in this country. Currently, no single factor has been identified for this decline. Rather, it has been suggested that the interaction between multiple biotic and abiotic stressors may be responsible. Among these factors are pesticides, habitat loss, climate and weather, parasites and pathogens, and colony management techniques. For this reason, it is important to examine the prevalence of honey bee parasite and pathogen infection at the state level in comparison to national survey data. In the research described herein, molecular diagnostics were performed on worker honey bee samples from Arkansas hobbyist beekeepers and Oklahoma migratory beekeepers to detect the presence of the following A. mellifera pathogens and parasites: protozoans Nosema apis and N. ceranae; bacterial pathogens Spiroplasma apis and S. melliferum; Trypanosomatid parasites Crithidia mellificae and Lotmaria passim and the parasitic phorid fly Apocephalus borealis. A study including both migratory honey bee colonies and hobbyist managed colonies provides a more comprehensive distribution of where these parasite and pathogen species are occurring and potentially why they are occurring. The study determined that N. ceranae (H=11.6%, M=27.6), L. passim (H=11.3%, M=1.1%), and V. destructor (H=45.5%, M=17.2%), occur in both hobbyist and migratory managed colonies. Nosema ceranae was more prevalent in the migratory colonies than the hobbyist colonies. Spiroplasma was also detected in the Oklahoma migratory colony samples (8.05%), but not in the Arkansas hobbyist colonies. Both V. destructor and L. passim were more prevalent in the hobbyist managed colonies. This research resulted in the first detection of Lotmaria passim in Arkansas honey bees, as well as the first documented detection of L. passim and S. melliferum in Oklahoma. Apocephalus borealis, C. mellificae, N. apis, and S. apis were not detected in either the migratory nor the hobbyist colonies. This study compares honey bee management practices at the hobbyist and migratory level to better understand how management influences parasite and pathogen spread and abundance. The use of state-level surveys, when examining parasite and pathogen occurrence, allows for a better understanding of how these pests are spreading, as well as how quickly and by what means.
Author: Dylan Alexandra Cleary Publisher: ISBN: Category : Honeybee Languages : en Pages : 244
Book Description
The health and viability of colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, in the United States have fluctuated dramatically over the past decade. This poses a substantial threat to agricultural production in this country. Currently, no single factor has been identified for this decline. Rather, it has been suggested that the interaction between multiple biotic and abiotic stressors may be responsible. Among these factors are pesticides, habitat loss, climate and weather, parasites and pathogens, and colony management techniques. For this reason, it is important to examine the prevalence of honey bee parasite and pathogen infection at the state level in comparison to national survey data. In the research described herein, molecular diagnostics were performed on worker honey bee samples from Arkansas hobbyist beekeepers and Oklahoma migratory beekeepers to detect the presence of the following A. mellifera pathogens and parasites: protozoans Nosema apis and N. ceranae; bacterial pathogens Spiroplasma apis and S. melliferum; Trypanosomatid parasites Crithidia mellificae and Lotmaria passim and the parasitic phorid fly Apocephalus borealis. A study including both migratory honey bee colonies and hobbyist managed colonies provides a more comprehensive distribution of where these parasite and pathogen species are occurring and potentially why they are occurring. The study determined that N. ceranae (H=11.6%, M=27.6), L. passim (H=11.3%, M=1.1%), and V. destructor (H=45.5%, M=17.2%), occur in both hobbyist and migratory managed colonies. Nosema ceranae was more prevalent in the migratory colonies than the hobbyist colonies. Spiroplasma was also detected in the Oklahoma migratory colony samples (8.05%), but not in the Arkansas hobbyist colonies. Both V. destructor and L. passim were more prevalent in the hobbyist managed colonies. This research resulted in the first detection of Lotmaria passim in Arkansas honey bees, as well as the first documented detection of L. passim and S. melliferum in Oklahoma. Apocephalus borealis, C. mellificae, N. apis, and S. apis were not detected in either the migratory nor the hobbyist colonies. This study compares honey bee management practices at the hobbyist and migratory level to better understand how management influences parasite and pathogen spread and abundance. The use of state-level surveys, when examining parasite and pathogen occurrence, allows for a better understanding of how these pests are spreading, as well as how quickly and by what means.
Author: Mary-Kate Frances Williams Publisher: ISBN: Category : Colony collapse disorder of honeybees Languages : en Pages : 154
Book Description
Honey bee populations have been fluctuating within recent years. No one cause has been attributed to colony fluctuations due to the theory that multiple stressors interact with one another to impact colony health. Consequently, microorganisms such as internal parasites of honey bees have been understudied as a contributor to colony health decline. Molecular diagnostics were utilized to detect the presence of two honey bee trypanosome parasites, Crithidia mellificae and Lotmaria passim, in managed and feral honey bee populations from eight states in the United States (USA). Because studies on trypanosome infections are lacking in the USA, it is important to know how frequently honey bee colonies are infected and if management techniques are impacting colony susceptibility to trypanosome infections. This is the first national survey for honey bee trypanosomes in the USA. This study confirmed that L. passim is present in the USA, but C. mellificae was not observed from the sampled colonies. From the 1,360 honey bee colonies that were screened, 11% were infected with L. passim. New York samples had the highest infection rate and Utah samples had the lowest. One state from the survey (Mississippi) did not have any samples positive for L. passim. The proportion of samples positive for L. passim was significantly different between managed and feral honey bee colonies. Results from this study revealed that L. passim has a widespread distribution in the USA and should be monitored as a contributor to honey bee health decline. Subsequent analyses were performed on the data set to understand trypanosome infections between two honey bee subspecies, co-infection with a fungal pathogen, seasonality in the USA, and if queen breeding facilities are distributing trypanosomes in the USA. This research demonstrates the importance of learning more about internal parasites because it is unknown to what extent internal parasites impact honey bee health. Therefore, it is imperative to understand how internal parasites impact honey bees. Further research should be conducted to observe how trypanosomes are spread in the environment and what type of preventative measures should be taken to ensure colonies remain healthy.
Author: Holly Holt Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Pollinators are integral to modern agricultural productivity and the continued survival and vitality of natural ecosystems. However, recent declines in pollinator populations and species diversity threaten both food security and the architecture of natural habitats. Due to their vital role in agriculture, honey bees (Apis mellifera) have served as a model organism for investigating the alarming and widespread diminution of pollinator populations. Indeed, surveys from both North America and Europe report large annual colony losses. Parasites along with chemical exposure, poor nutrition, climate change and habitat destruction are frequently cited as leading causes of colony loss. Honey bee colonies are assaulted by a battery of bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens in addition to other parasitic arthropods including mites and beetles. Novel, cost-effective disease management practices are desperately needed to preserve colony health. Basic studies investigating honey bee immunity and disease pathology lay the groundwork for developing efficacious diagnostic tools and treatments. Here, we present a series of studies characterizing honey bee immunity and the molecular, physiological and behavioral responses of honey bees to two important fungal pathogens, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. Chapter 1 reviews the current state of research on these prevalent and destructive disease agents and highlights future studies that are needed to develop effective management practices. Chapter 2 investigates worker honey bee genomic responses to general immune stimulation. Findings from these experiments provide a contextual framework for Chapter 3's studies, which characterize worker honey bee genomic responses to infection with Nosema parasites and offer a molecular model for explaining previously documented disease symptoms. Chapter 4 investigates drone (male) honey bee molecular, physiological and behavioral responses to Nosema infection and underscores potential caste-specific responses to infection that have larger implications for colony fitness. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes novel findings from this dissertation, integrates results with current scientific literature and discusses the future of Nosema management.
Author: Suresh Desai Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Excessive honey bee colony losses all over the world are believed to be caused by multiple stressors. In this thesis, I characterized and quantified pathogen levels in honey bee colonies, studied their interactions with each other and with their associated parasite vectors, examined factors that influence their combined impacts on honey bees and developed methods to manage honey bee viruses so that colony losses can be minimized. My baseline study of virus prevalence and concentration in healthy and unhealthy (showing visible signs of disease) colonies in Canada showed that seven economically important viruses (DWV, BQCV, IAPV, KBV, SBV, ABPV, and CBPV) were all widely distributed in Canada. Differences in concentration and prevalence of some viruses were found between unhealthy and healthy colonies but these differences may have been due in part to seasonal or regional effects. Studies of the impact of viruses on worker bee populations over winter showed different factors were correlated with bee loss in different environments. Spring concentrations of DWV and mean abundance of Varroa (Varroa destructor) were positively correlated with bee loss and negatively correlated with spring population size in outdoor-wintered colonies. Fall concentration of IAPV was negatively correlated with spring population size of colonies in indoor-wintering environments but not in outdoor-environments. My study showed that it is important to consider location of sampling when associating pathogen loads with bee loss with Nosema and BQCV. Seasonal patterns of parasites and pathogens were characterized for each wintering methods (indoor and outdoor). My results revealed lower ABPV and Nosema ceranae prevalence and lower DWV concentration in genetically diverse than genetically similar colonies. I showed that within colony genetic diversity may be an important evolutionary adaptation to allow honey bees to defend against a wide range of diseases. In laboratory studies, I showed that feeding DWV to larvae in the absence of Varroa causes wing deformity and decreased survival rates of adult bees relative to bees not fed DWV. Finally, I showed that RNA silencing can be used to reduce DWV concentrations in immature and adult bees, reduce wing deformity in emerging adults, and increase their longevity relative to controls.
Author: Amsalu Arega Publisher: GRIN Verlag ISBN: 3346363724 Category : Science Languages : de Pages : 96
Book Description
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2018 im Fachbereich Biologie - Krankheiten, Gesundheit, Ernährung, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: The study was conducted in East Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, from December, 2016 up to August, 2017 to determine the prevalent and incidence rate of honeybee disease and pests. Questionnaire survey and laboratory diagnostic methods were used for the study. The questionnaire was administered to 146 beekeepers (97,1% males)and two honeybee colony samples from each beekeeper totally (292 honeybee colonies) were collected from transitional and frame box hives for laboratory diagnosis. The honeybee samples collected were examined in laboratory for the prevalent and incidence rate of honeybee disease pathogens and pests. Majority of the respondents started beekeeping after 2010 (28.03%) by catching colonies as honey bee colony source (54.8%). The major dearth period of the area was late march to early may. The trend of beekeeping in the study area was shifting from traditional to modern beekeeping and the trend of honeybee colony and its yield was decreasing due to honeybee health problem of the area (pests, predators, pathogenic disease, high cost of bee equipment and agro-chemical application). In the study area the major pests and predators considered as challenges were ants, beetles, wax moth, varroa destructor and some predators like honey badgers, bee eater birds, dead head hawks moth, lizards, wasps and birds respectively. Varroa, Nosema, Amoeba and chalk brood disease were confirmed while tracheal mite, stone brood, Ameriacan and Europian foul brood did not confirmed during the study period. The prevalentand incidence of varroa destructor was higher in dry season than wet season while the prevalent/incidence rate of nosema and chalk brood disease was limited during dry season. Amoeba disease was distributed in both seasons.For the reason of time restraint in this study area, farther study on economic threshold of honeybee disease and pests is suggested by monitoring throughout the year.
Author: United States Department of Agriculture Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN: 9781542728270 Category : Languages : en Pages : 64
Book Description
Apiary inspectors and beekeepers must be able to recognize bee diseases and parasites and to differentiate the serious diseases from the less important ones. This handbook describes laboratory techniques (particularly those of the USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory) used to diagnose diseases and other abnormalities of the honey bee and to identify parasites and pests. Includes directions for sending diseased brood and adult honey bees for diagnosis of bee disease.
Author: U S Department of Agriculture Publisher: ISBN: 9780359795017 Category : Languages : en Pages : 62
Book Description
Apiary inspectors and beekeepers must be able to recognize bee diseases and parasites and to differentiate the serious diseases from the less important ones. This handbook describes laboratory techniques used to diagnose diseases and other abnormalities of the honey bee and to identify parasites and pests. Emphasis is placed on the techniques used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Bee Research Laboratory. Included are directions for submitting, through APHIS-PPQ or state regulators, samples of suspected Africanized honey bees for identification of subspecies. Also included are directions for sending diseased brood and adult honey bees for diagnosis of bee disease.
Author: Cole Robson-Hyska Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
RNA viruses are a contributor to recent honey bee disappearances and may have spilled over to bumble bees from honey bees (HB). This hypothesis is addressed by comparing the prevalence and intensity of seven viruses in bumble bees captured in proximity to and isolation from managed honey bee colonies. Additionally, sampling method for bees and different storage variables are compared for accuracy in estimating viruses in field-caught specimens. Prevalence was lower in isolated bumble bees for DWV, BQCV and SBV and higher for IAPV. KBV, ABPV and CBPV infections were rare. Virus intensity was higher in HB-exposed sites than unexposed sites for one virus and never higher in bumble bees than in honey bees. This suggests that spillover is likely, but viral dynamics are complicated and movement may occur in both directions. Additionally, specimens should be stored at -80°C with no medium recommended for relative preservation of host and viral RNA.
Author: Dylan Alexandra Cleary
Author: Dylan Alexandra Cleary
Author: Mary-Kate Frances Williams
Author: Holly Holt
Author: Suresh Desai
Author: Amsalu Arega
Author: United States Department of Agriculture
Author: U S Department of Agriculture
Author: Vitus Gomamtunda Dzoole Mwale
Author: David Irven Nielsen
Author: Cole Robson-Hyska