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Author: John E. Williams Publisher: SAGE Publications, Incorporated ISBN: Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 398
Book Description
An exploration of contemporary sex stereotypes and their prevalence in different cultures is provided in this volume. The authors surpass previous studies in three areas: their data covers thirty nations; they test both children and adults and they examine their findings from three theoretical perspectives - affective meanings, ego states and psychological needs. They also examine the practical implications of pan-cultural stereotypes. Since the publication of the original 1982 edition, new adult data from Singapore and Portugal have also been included.
Author: John E. Williams Publisher: SAGE Publications, Incorporated ISBN: Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 398
Book Description
An exploration of contemporary sex stereotypes and their prevalence in different cultures is provided in this volume. The authors surpass previous studies in three areas: their data covers thirty nations; they test both children and adults and they examine their findings from three theoretical perspectives - affective meanings, ego states and psychological needs. They also examine the practical implications of pan-cultural stereotypes. Since the publication of the original 1982 edition, new adult data from Singapore and Portugal have also been included.
Author: John E. Williams Publisher: ISBN: Category : Sex role Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Assess children's knowledge of Adult-Defined, conventional, Sex-Trait stereotypes. employs human figure silhouettes and brief stories. May be individually administered to younger children and group administered to older ones
Author: Jae Yeon Lee Publisher: ISBN: Category : Sex role Languages : en Pages : 140
Book Description
A Korean Sex Stereotype Measure (KSSM) was developed to assess the awareness of sex-trait stereotypes among Korean children. The KSSM contains 32 descriptions of psychological characteristics, 16 of which represent the male-trait stereotypes, and 16 of which represent the female-trait stereotypes. In a test situation, subjects were asked to associate the sex-trait stereotypes with either a male, female or "both" a male and a female silhouette figure drawing. Reliability assessments, including internal consistency and stability estimates, indicated the KSSM to be a highly reliable instrument, particularly among third- and sixth-grade Korean children. The KSSM was applied to 130 first-, third-, and sixth-grade Korean boys and girls, using four different scoring procedures. These scoring procedures represented different concepts of sex roles identified as (1) sex-trait awareness-cultural, (2) sex-trait stereotyping-association, (3) sex-trait awareness-egalitarian, and (4) sex-trait awareness-confirmation. The following general results were obtained when considering all scoring procedures together. Korean children's awareness of the sex-trait stereotypes increased with age from the first- to the sixth-grades. In addition, these children were more aware, and sex-typed more male- than female-traits. Furthermore, while boys were more aware, and sex-typed more male- than female-traits, there were no differences between girls' awareness and sex-typing of male- and female-traits. Finally, sixth-grade children appeared to sex-type more opposite sex-traits as appropriate for "both" males and females than their own sex-traits. Findings were interpreted on the basis of previous theory and research. Discussion also occurred regarding the advantages and disadvantages of using the different scoring procedures in assessing children's awareness of the sex-trait stereotypes. Emphasis was placed on the importance of understanding the concept of sex role being assessed when using these different scoring procedures. Although certain findings were obtained which cut across different scoring procedures, other results obtained appeared to be characteristic of a particular scoring procedure. Therefore, future studies might wish to further clarify the conceptual differences between these scoring procedures in assessing children's awareness of the sex-trait stereotypes.
Author: John Archer Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521264976 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 288
Book Description
Drawing on the latest research evidence, the authors of this textbook examine the extent to which men and women actually differ, and the origins and implications of the differences, in physical development, sexual experience, emotional expression, mental health, aggression, power, family life, work and achievement. They consider, too, general issues in sex and gender research: stereotypes and common-sense beliefs, problems of measurement and objectivity in the social sciences, the interaction of nature and nurture, developmental pathways, and social change.
Author: Lee Ellis Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 1136874933 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 992
Book Description
This volume is the first to aim at summarizing all of the scientific literature published so far regarding male-female differences and similarities, not only in behavior, but also in basic biology, physiology, health, perceptions, emotions, and attitudes. Results from over 18,000 studies have been condensed into more than 1,900 tables, with each table pertaining to a specific possible sex difference. Even research pertaining to how men and women are perceived (stereotyped) as being different is covered. Throughout this book's eleven years in preparation, no exclusions were made in terms of subject areas, cultures, time periods, or even species. The book is accompanied by downloadable resources containing all 18,000+ references cited in the book. Sex Differences is a monumental resource for any researcher, student, or professional who requires an assessment of the weight of evidence that currently exists regarding any sex difference of interest. It is also suitable as a text in graduate courses pertaining to gender or human sexuality.
Author: David L. Hamilton Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 1317362063 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 378
Book Description
Originally published in 1981, this volume brings together contributions by several of the authors whose research had contributed significantly to the recent advances in our understanding of the role of cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behaviour at the time. While each chapter reflects a cognitive approach to its subject matter, a broad range of topics, issues, and contexts is addressed by this collection of authors. In the introductory chapter the authors present an historical overview of psychological research on stereotyping, discussing historical trends in this literature and summarizing the conceptual orientations which had guided research in this area at the time. This chapter not only provides useful background information for the reader but also presents a broader context within which the current cognitively oriented research, on which the remaining chapters focus, can be viewed. Each of the next six chapters reports on integrative program of studies bearing on some aspect of the relationship of cognitive functioning to stereotyping and/or intergroup behaviour.
Author: Janet T. Spence Publisher: ISBN: Category : Femininity Languages : en Pages : 92
Book Description
Divided into three scales: masculinity (Refers to instrumental characteristics), femininity (expressive characteristics) and masculinity-femininity (social desirability).
Author: Janet T. Spence Publisher: University of Texas Press ISBN: 1477303111 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 311
Book Description
Many societies assign sharply distinguished roles to men and women. Personality differences, as well as physical differences, between men and women are used to justify these different sex roles, and women are seen as more emotionally and interpersonally sensitive than men, while men are said to be more competent, achievement oriented, and assertive than women. A widely held view is that not only do men and women differ but that possession of "masculine" characteristics precludes possession of "feminine" characteristics. This bipolar conception has led to the definition of masculinity and femininity as opposites. Acceptance of this idea has caused social scientists and laypersons to consider men and women who possess cross-sex personality characteristics as less emotionally healthy and socially adjusted than those with sex-appropriate traits. Previous research by the authors and others, done almost exclusively with college students, has shown, however, that masculinity and femininity do not relate negatively to each other, thus supporting a dualistic rather than a bipolar conception of these two psychological dimensions. Spence and Helmreich present data showing that the dualistic conception holds for a large number of groups, varying widely in age, geographical location, socioeconomic status, and patterns of interest, whose psychological masculinity and femininity were measured with an objective instrument, the Personality Attributes Questionnaire, devised by the authors. Many individuals are shown to be appropriately sex-typed; that is, men tend to be high in masculinity and low in femininity and women the reverse. However, a substantial number of men and women are androgynous—high in both masculine and feminine characteristics—while some are not high in either. Importantly, the authors find that androgynous individuals display more self-esteem, social competence, and achievement orientation than individuals who are strong in either masculinity or femininity or are not strong in either. One of the major contributions of the work is the development of a new, multifaceted measure of achievement motivation (the Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire), which can be used successfully to predict behavior in both males and females and is related to masculinity and femininity in both sexes. In addition to investigating the correlates of masculinity and femininity, the authors attempt to isolate parental factors that contribute to the development of these characteristics and achievement motivation. The book includes analyses of data from students on their perception of their parents, which enable the authors to examine the influence of parental masculinity and femininity and parental behaviors and child-rearing attitudes on the development of masculinity and femininity and achievement motivation characteristics in their children. The important implications of these findings for theories of sex roles, personality development, and achievement motivation are examined.
Author: John E. Williams
Author: Emel Gürbüz
Author: John E. Williams
Author: John E. Williams
Author: Jae Yeon Lee
Author: John Archer
Author: Lee Ellis
Author: David L. Hamilton
Author: Janet T. Spence
Author: Daniel J. Amick
Author: Janet T. Spence