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Author: P. A. Tebeau Publisher: ISBN: Category : Oil pollution of the sea Languages : en Pages : 125
Book Description
A laboratory scale experiment was conducted at the Coast Guard R & D Center during the winter 1979/1980 and winter 1980/1981 seasons to simulate the weathering of oil under Arctic conditions. The experiment consisted of weathering four types of oil (No. s heating oil, Prudhoe Bay crude oil, No. 4 fuel oil, and No. 6 fuel oil) in open boxes under environmental conditions of periods of up to a month. Samples were collected at various intervals for physical and chemical properties analysis. The experiment focused on evaporation as the primary weathering process in the Arctic. Environmental conditions (temperature and wind speed) were monitored continuously to allow calculation of evaporative exposure. Data analysis consisted of plotting the various physical and chemical parameters (density, viscosity, solubility, etc.), against evaporative exposure, to study the quantiative dependence of the physical and chemical properties on evaporation. The results indicate a well-defined functional dependence of several important physical properties on evaporation. This has led to separate study by the University of Toronto to develop a simplified evaporation model. The results also identified two specific areas where further research is required; namely, the emulsification of oil and the combustion of oil under Arctic conditions.
Author: P. A. Tebeau Publisher: ISBN: Category : Oil pollution of the sea Languages : en Pages : 125
Book Description
A laboratory scale experiment was conducted at the Coast Guard R & D Center during the winter 1979/1980 and winter 1980/1981 seasons to simulate the weathering of oil under Arctic conditions. The experiment consisted of weathering four types of oil (No. s heating oil, Prudhoe Bay crude oil, No. 4 fuel oil, and No. 6 fuel oil) in open boxes under environmental conditions of periods of up to a month. Samples were collected at various intervals for physical and chemical properties analysis. The experiment focused on evaporation as the primary weathering process in the Arctic. Environmental conditions (temperature and wind speed) were monitored continuously to allow calculation of evaporative exposure. Data analysis consisted of plotting the various physical and chemical parameters (density, viscosity, solubility, etc.), against evaporative exposure, to study the quantiative dependence of the physical and chemical properties on evaporation. The results indicate a well-defined functional dependence of several important physical properties on evaporation. This has led to separate study by the University of Toronto to develop a simplified evaporation model. The results also identified two specific areas where further research is required; namely, the emulsification of oil and the combustion of oil under Arctic conditions.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 030929889X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 343
Book Description
U.S. Arctic waters north of the Bering Strait and west of the Canadian border encompass a vast area that is usually ice covered for much of the year, but is increasingly experiencing longer periods and larger areas of open water due to climate change. Sparsely inhabited with a wide variety of ecosystems found nowhere else, this region is vulnerable to damage from human activities. As oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also increase. How can we best prepare to respond to such an event in this challenging environment? Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill response and environmental assessment in the Arctic region north of the Bering Strait, with emphasis on the potential impacts in U.S. waters. This report describes the unique ecosystems and environment of the Arctic and makes recommendations to provide an effective response effort in these challenging conditions. According to Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment, a full range of proven oil spill response technologies is needed in order to minimize the impacts on people and sensitive ecosystems. This report identifies key oil spill research priorities, critical data and monitoring needs, mitigation strategies, and important operational and logistical issues. The Arctic acts as an integrating, regulating, and mediating component of the physical, atmospheric and cryospheric systems that govern life on Earth. Not only does the Arctic serve as regulator of many of the Earth's large-scale systems and processes, but it is also an area where choices made have substantial impact on life and choices everywhere on planet Earth. This report's recommendations will assist environmentalists, industry, state and local policymakers, and anyone interested in the future of this special region to preserve and protect it from damaging oil spills.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309084385 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 278
Book Description
Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.
Author: James R. Payne Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351083937 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 158
Book Description
This book covers research completed between 1981 and May 1985 and includes: reviews of recent studies, sitings and investigations at spills-of-opportunity as well as results of recent arctic and sub-Arctic oil weathering experiments and observations on the behavior of crude oil in the presence of ice. Topics covered include the following: laboratory studies of formation and stability of water-in-oil emulsions; selected case histories of the more detailed chemistry studies of mousse behavior and long term fate in near-coastal and open ocean oil spills/blowouts; tar ball formation and distribution; and algorithms and computer programs to simulate the formation of water-in-oil emulsion.
Author: Merv Fingas Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0470455519 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 641
Book Description
Provides a scientific basis for the cleanup and for the assessment of oil spills Enables Non-scientific officers to understand the science they use on a daily basis Multi-disciplinary approach covering fields as diverse as biology, microbiology, chemistry, physics, oceanography and toxicology Covers the science of oil spills from risk analysis to cleanup and through the effects on the environment Includes case studies examining and analyzing spills, such as Tasman Spirit oil spill on the Karachi Coast, and provides lessons to prevent these in the future
Author: P. A. Tebeau
Author: P. A. Tebeau
Author: P. A. Tebeau
Author: National Research Council
Author: National Research Council
Author: Janne Fritt-Rasmussen
Author: James R. Payne
Author: Janne Fritt-Rasmussen
Author: Merv Fingas
Author: Janne Fritt-Rasmussen
Author: