Author: Hazel Arnett Ervin
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443889555
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 455
Book Description
This book offers a history of African American education, while also serving as a companion text for teachers, students and researchers in cultural criticism, American and African American studies, postcolonialism, historiography, and psychoanalytics. Overall, it represents essential reading for scholars, critics, leaders of educational policy, and all others interested in ongoing discussions not only about the role of community, family, teachers and others in facilitating quality education for the citizenry, but also about ensuring the posterity of a society via equal access to, and attainment of, quality education by its constituents of color. Particularly, this volume fills a void in the annals of African American history and African American education, by addressing the vibrancy of an education ethos within Black America which has unequivocally served as cultural, historical, political, legal and theoretical references.
A Community of Voices on Education and the African American Experience
Author: Hazel Arnett Ervin
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443889555
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 455
Book Description
This book offers a history of African American education, while also serving as a companion text for teachers, students and researchers in cultural criticism, American and African American studies, postcolonialism, historiography, and psychoanalytics. Overall, it represents essential reading for scholars, critics, leaders of educational policy, and all others interested in ongoing discussions not only about the role of community, family, teachers and others in facilitating quality education for the citizenry, but also about ensuring the posterity of a society via equal access to, and attainment of, quality education by its constituents of color. Particularly, this volume fills a void in the annals of African American history and African American education, by addressing the vibrancy of an education ethos within Black America which has unequivocally served as cultural, historical, political, legal and theoretical references.
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443889555
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 455
Book Description
This book offers a history of African American education, while also serving as a companion text for teachers, students and researchers in cultural criticism, American and African American studies, postcolonialism, historiography, and psychoanalytics. Overall, it represents essential reading for scholars, critics, leaders of educational policy, and all others interested in ongoing discussions not only about the role of community, family, teachers and others in facilitating quality education for the citizenry, but also about ensuring the posterity of a society via equal access to, and attainment of, quality education by its constituents of color. Particularly, this volume fills a void in the annals of African American history and African American education, by addressing the vibrancy of an education ethos within Black America which has unequivocally served as cultural, historical, political, legal and theoretical references.
Their Highest Potential
Author: Vanessa Siddle Walker
Publisher: Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN: 0807866199
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 280
Book Description
African American schools in the segregated South faced enormous obstacles in educating their students. But some of these schools succeeded in providing nurturing educational environments in spite of the injustices of segregation. Vanessa Siddle Walker tells the story of one such school in rural North Carolina, the Caswell County Training School, which operated from 1934 to 1969. She focuses especially on the importance of dedicated teachers and the principal, who believed their jobs extended well beyond the classroom, and on the community's parents, who worked hard to support the school. According to Walker, the relationship between school and community was mutually dependent. Parents sacrificed financially to meet the school's needs, and teachers and administrators put in extra time for professional development, specialized student assistance, and home visits. The result was a school that placed the needs of African American students at the center of its mission, which was in turn shared by the community. Walker concludes that the experience of CCTS captures a segment of the history of African Americans in segregated schools that has been overlooked and that provides important context for the ongoing debate about how best to educate African American children. African American History/Education/North Carolina
Publisher: Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN: 0807866199
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 280
Book Description
African American schools in the segregated South faced enormous obstacles in educating their students. But some of these schools succeeded in providing nurturing educational environments in spite of the injustices of segregation. Vanessa Siddle Walker tells the story of one such school in rural North Carolina, the Caswell County Training School, which operated from 1934 to 1969. She focuses especially on the importance of dedicated teachers and the principal, who believed their jobs extended well beyond the classroom, and on the community's parents, who worked hard to support the school. According to Walker, the relationship between school and community was mutually dependent. Parents sacrificed financially to meet the school's needs, and teachers and administrators put in extra time for professional development, specialized student assistance, and home visits. The result was a school that placed the needs of African American students at the center of its mission, which was in turn shared by the community. Walker concludes that the experience of CCTS captures a segment of the history of African Americans in segregated schools that has been overlooked and that provides important context for the ongoing debate about how best to educate African American children. African American History/Education/North Carolina
Amplifying Black Undocumented Student Voices in Higher Education
Author: Felecia S. Russell
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1040015859
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
This book centers a qualitative study exploring the experiences of 15 Black undocumented students and the author’s own experiences as a Black DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) recipient, highlighting the invisibility and lack of belonging Black undocumented students face in the undocumented community and the United States at large. Access and success within higher education for undocumented students cannot be achieved unless those implementing policies understand the full context of the community. Through both an interpretative phenomenological approach and biographical memoir, this volume makes meaning of the experiences of undocuBlack students, a group who do not often see themselves being represented in the immigrant narrative. It argues that without visibility, undocuBlack students are rarely the beneficiaries of advocacy and become targets of overcriminalization. The stories told here examine the intersection of race and identity in determining positioning within society, with the goal of contributing awareness and promoting more inclusive practices among higher education communities. This text offers an important new perspective for faculty and administrators, policymakers, upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, as well as general readers with an interest in Black and immigrant narratives and the undocumented experience as an academic subject.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1040015859
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
This book centers a qualitative study exploring the experiences of 15 Black undocumented students and the author’s own experiences as a Black DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) recipient, highlighting the invisibility and lack of belonging Black undocumented students face in the undocumented community and the United States at large. Access and success within higher education for undocumented students cannot be achieved unless those implementing policies understand the full context of the community. Through both an interpretative phenomenological approach and biographical memoir, this volume makes meaning of the experiences of undocuBlack students, a group who do not often see themselves being represented in the immigrant narrative. It argues that without visibility, undocuBlack students are rarely the beneficiaries of advocacy and become targets of overcriminalization. The stories told here examine the intersection of race and identity in determining positioning within society, with the goal of contributing awareness and promoting more inclusive practices among higher education communities. This text offers an important new perspective for faculty and administrators, policymakers, upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, as well as general readers with an interest in Black and immigrant narratives and the undocumented experience as an academic subject.
Collective Courage
Author: Jessica Gordon Nembhard
Publisher: Penn State Press
ISBN: 0271064269
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 325
Book Description
In Collective Courage, Jessica Gordon Nembhard chronicles African American cooperative business ownership and its place in the movements for Black civil rights and economic equality. Not since W. E. B. Du Bois’s 1907 Economic Co-operation Among Negro Americans has there been a full-length, nationwide study of African American cooperatives. Collective Courage extends that story into the twenty-first century. Many of the players are well known in the history of the African American experience: Du Bois, A. Philip Randolph and the Ladies' Auxiliary to the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Nannie Helen Burroughs, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Jo Baker, George Schuyler and the Young Negroes’ Co-operative League, the Nation of Islam, and the Black Panther Party. Adding the cooperative movement to Black history results in a retelling of the African American experience, with an increased understanding of African American collective economic agency and grassroots economic organizing. To tell the story, Gordon Nembhard uses a variety of newspapers, period magazines, and journals; co-ops’ articles of incorporation, minutes from annual meetings, newsletters, budgets, and income statements; and scholarly books, memoirs, and biographies. These sources reveal the achievements and challenges of Black co-ops, collective economic action, and social entrepreneurship. Gordon Nembhard finds that African Americans, as well as other people of color and low-income people, have benefitted greatly from cooperative ownership and democratic economic participation throughout the nation’s history.
Publisher: Penn State Press
ISBN: 0271064269
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 325
Book Description
In Collective Courage, Jessica Gordon Nembhard chronicles African American cooperative business ownership and its place in the movements for Black civil rights and economic equality. Not since W. E. B. Du Bois’s 1907 Economic Co-operation Among Negro Americans has there been a full-length, nationwide study of African American cooperatives. Collective Courage extends that story into the twenty-first century. Many of the players are well known in the history of the African American experience: Du Bois, A. Philip Randolph and the Ladies' Auxiliary to the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Nannie Helen Burroughs, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Jo Baker, George Schuyler and the Young Negroes’ Co-operative League, the Nation of Islam, and the Black Panther Party. Adding the cooperative movement to Black history results in a retelling of the African American experience, with an increased understanding of African American collective economic agency and grassroots economic organizing. To tell the story, Gordon Nembhard uses a variety of newspapers, period magazines, and journals; co-ops’ articles of incorporation, minutes from annual meetings, newsletters, budgets, and income statements; and scholarly books, memoirs, and biographies. These sources reveal the achievements and challenges of Black co-ops, collective economic action, and social entrepreneurship. Gordon Nembhard finds that African Americans, as well as other people of color and low-income people, have benefitted greatly from cooperative ownership and democratic economic participation throughout the nation’s history.
Four Hundred Souls
Author: Ibram X. Kendi
Publisher: One World
ISBN: 0593134052
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 528
Book Description
#1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • A chorus of extraordinary voices tells the epic story of the four-hundred-year journey of African Americans from 1619 to the present—edited by Ibram X. Kendi, author of How to Be an Antiracist, and Keisha N. Blain, author of Set the World on Fire. FINALIST FOR THE ANDREW CARNEGIE MEDAL • NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY The Washington Post, Town & Country, Ms. magazine, BookPage, She Reads, BookRiot, Booklist • “A vital addition to [the] curriculum on race in America . . . a gateway to the solo works of all the voices in Kendi and Blain’s impressive choir.”—The Washington Post “From journalist Hannah P. Jones on Jamestown’s first slaves to historian Annette Gordon-Reed’s portrait of Sally Hemings to the seductive cadences of poets Jericho Brown and Patricia Smith, Four Hundred Souls weaves a tapestry of unspeakable suffering and unexpected transcendence.”—O: The Oprah Magazine The story begins in 1619—a year before the Mayflower—when the White Lion disgorges “some 20-and-odd Negroes” onto the shores of Virginia, inaugurating the African presence in what would become the United States. It takes us to the present, when African Americans, descendants of those on the White Lion and a thousand other routes to this country, continue a journey defined by inhuman oppression, visionary struggles, stunning achievements, and millions of ordinary lives passing through extraordinary history. Four Hundred Souls is a unique one-volume “community” history of African Americans. The editors, Ibram X. Kendi and Keisha N. Blain, have assembled ninety brilliant writers, each of whom takes on a five-year period of that four-hundred-year span. The writers explore their periods through a variety of techniques: historical essays, short stories, personal vignettes, and fiery polemics. They approach history from various perspectives: through the eyes of towering historical icons or the untold stories of ordinary people; through places, laws, and objects. While themes of resistance and struggle, of hope and reinvention, course through the book, this collection of diverse pieces from ninety different minds, reflecting ninety different perspectives, fundamentally deconstructs the idea that Africans in America are a monolith—instead it unlocks the startling range of experiences and ideas that have always existed within the community of Blackness. This is a history that illuminates our past and gives us new ways of thinking about our future, written by the most vital and essential voices of our present.
Publisher: One World
ISBN: 0593134052
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 528
Book Description
#1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • A chorus of extraordinary voices tells the epic story of the four-hundred-year journey of African Americans from 1619 to the present—edited by Ibram X. Kendi, author of How to Be an Antiracist, and Keisha N. Blain, author of Set the World on Fire. FINALIST FOR THE ANDREW CARNEGIE MEDAL • NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY The Washington Post, Town & Country, Ms. magazine, BookPage, She Reads, BookRiot, Booklist • “A vital addition to [the] curriculum on race in America . . . a gateway to the solo works of all the voices in Kendi and Blain’s impressive choir.”—The Washington Post “From journalist Hannah P. Jones on Jamestown’s first slaves to historian Annette Gordon-Reed’s portrait of Sally Hemings to the seductive cadences of poets Jericho Brown and Patricia Smith, Four Hundred Souls weaves a tapestry of unspeakable suffering and unexpected transcendence.”—O: The Oprah Magazine The story begins in 1619—a year before the Mayflower—when the White Lion disgorges “some 20-and-odd Negroes” onto the shores of Virginia, inaugurating the African presence in what would become the United States. It takes us to the present, when African Americans, descendants of those on the White Lion and a thousand other routes to this country, continue a journey defined by inhuman oppression, visionary struggles, stunning achievements, and millions of ordinary lives passing through extraordinary history. Four Hundred Souls is a unique one-volume “community” history of African Americans. The editors, Ibram X. Kendi and Keisha N. Blain, have assembled ninety brilliant writers, each of whom takes on a five-year period of that four-hundred-year span. The writers explore their periods through a variety of techniques: historical essays, short stories, personal vignettes, and fiery polemics. They approach history from various perspectives: through the eyes of towering historical icons or the untold stories of ordinary people; through places, laws, and objects. While themes of resistance and struggle, of hope and reinvention, course through the book, this collection of diverse pieces from ninety different minds, reflecting ninety different perspectives, fundamentally deconstructs the idea that Africans in America are a monolith—instead it unlocks the startling range of experiences and ideas that have always existed within the community of Blackness. This is a history that illuminates our past and gives us new ways of thinking about our future, written by the most vital and essential voices of our present.
Voices of Rondo
Author:
Publisher: U of Minnesota Press
ISBN: 1452956170
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 364
Book Description
In Voices of Rondo, real-life stories illuminate the northern urban Black experience during the first half of the twentieth century, through the memories and reflections of residents of Saint Paul’s historic Rondo community. We glimpse the challenges of racism and poverty and share the victories of a community that educated its children to become strong, to find personal pride, and to become the next generation of leaders in Saint Paul and beyond.
Publisher: U of Minnesota Press
ISBN: 1452956170
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 364
Book Description
In Voices of Rondo, real-life stories illuminate the northern urban Black experience during the first half of the twentieth century, through the memories and reflections of residents of Saint Paul’s historic Rondo community. We glimpse the challenges of racism and poverty and share the victories of a community that educated its children to become strong, to find personal pride, and to become the next generation of leaders in Saint Paul and beyond.
IJER Vol 2-N4
Author: International Journal of Educational Reform
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1475815948
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 125
Book Description
The mission of the International Journal of Educational Reform (IJER) is to keep readers up-to-date with worldwide developments in education reform by providing scholarly information and practical analysis from recognized international authorities. As the only peer-reviewed scholarly publication that combines authors’ voices without regard for the political affiliations perspectives, or research methodologies, IJER provides readers with a balanced view of all sides of the political and educational mainstream. To this end, IJER includes, but is not limited to, inquiry based and opinion pieces on developments in such areas as policy, administration, curriculum, instruction, law, and research. IJER should thus be of interest to professional educators with decision-making roles and policymakers at all levels turn since it provides a broad-based conversation between and among policymakers, practitioners, and academicians about reform goals, objectives, and methods for success throughout the world. Readers can call on IJER to learn from an international group of reform implementers by discovering what they can do that has actually worked. IJER can also help readers to understand the pitfalls of current reforms in order to avoid making similar mistakes. Finally, it is the mission of IJER to help readers to learn about key issues in school reform from movers and shakers who help to study and shape the power base directing educational reform in the U.S. and the world.
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1475815948
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 125
Book Description
The mission of the International Journal of Educational Reform (IJER) is to keep readers up-to-date with worldwide developments in education reform by providing scholarly information and practical analysis from recognized international authorities. As the only peer-reviewed scholarly publication that combines authors’ voices without regard for the political affiliations perspectives, or research methodologies, IJER provides readers with a balanced view of all sides of the political and educational mainstream. To this end, IJER includes, but is not limited to, inquiry based and opinion pieces on developments in such areas as policy, administration, curriculum, instruction, law, and research. IJER should thus be of interest to professional educators with decision-making roles and policymakers at all levels turn since it provides a broad-based conversation between and among policymakers, practitioners, and academicians about reform goals, objectives, and methods for success throughout the world. Readers can call on IJER to learn from an international group of reform implementers by discovering what they can do that has actually worked. IJER can also help readers to understand the pitfalls of current reforms in order to avoid making similar mistakes. Finally, it is the mission of IJER to help readers to learn about key issues in school reform from movers and shakers who help to study and shape the power base directing educational reform in the U.S. and the world.
You Need a Schoolhouse
Author: Stephanie Deutsch
Publisher: Northwestern University Press
ISBN: 0810127903
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 249
Book Description
Discusses the friendship between Booker T. Wahington, founder of the Tuskegee Institute, and Julius Rosenwald, president of Sears, Roebuck and Company and how, through their friendship, they were able to build five thousand schools for African Americans in the Southern states.
Publisher: Northwestern University Press
ISBN: 0810127903
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 249
Book Description
Discusses the friendship between Booker T. Wahington, founder of the Tuskegee Institute, and Julius Rosenwald, president of Sears, Roebuck and Company and how, through their friendship, they were able to build five thousand schools for African Americans in the Southern states.
Black Education
Author: Joyce E. King
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135602786
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 437
Book Description
This volume presents the findings and recommendations of the American Educational Research Association's (AERA) Commission on Research in Black Education (CORIBE) and offers new directions for research and practice. By commissioning an independent group of scholars of diverse perspectives and voices to investigate major issues hindering the education of Black people in the U.S., other Diaspora contexts, and Africa, the AERA sought to place issues of Black education and research practice in the forefront of the agenda of the scholarly community. An unprecedented critical challenge to orthodox thinking, this book makes an epistemological break with mainstream scholarship. Contributors present research on proven solutions--best practices--that prepare Black students and others to achieve at high levels of academic excellence and to be agents of their own socioeconomic and cultural transformation. These analyses and empirical findings also link the crisis in Black education to embedded ideological biases in research and the system of thought that often justifies the abject state of Black education. Written for both a scholarly and a general audience, this book demonstrates a transformative role for research and a positive role for culture in learning, in the academy, and in community and cross-national contexts. Volume editor Joyce E. King is the Benjamin E. Mays Endowed Chair of Urban Teaching, Learning and Leadership at Georgia State University and was chair of CORIBE. Additional Resources Black Education [CD-ROM] Research and Best Practices 1999-2001 Edited by Joyce E. King Georgia State University Informed by diverse perspectives and voices of leading researchers, teacher educators and classroom teachers, this rich, interactive CD-ROM contains an archive of the empirical findings, recommendations, and best practices assembled by the Commission on Research in Black Education. Dynamic multi-media presentations document concrete examples of transformative practice that prepare Black students and others to achieve academic and cultural excellence. This CD-ROM was produced with a grant from the SOROS Foundation, Open Society Institute. 0-8058-5564-5 [CD-ROM] / 2005 / Free Upon Request A Detroit Conversation [Video] Edited by Joyce E. King Georgia State University In this 20-minute video-documentary a diverse panel of educators--teachers, administrators, professors, a "reform" Board member, and parent and community activists--engage in a "no holds barred" conversation about testing, teacher preparation, and what is and is not working in Detroit schools, including a school for pregnant and parenting teens and Timbuktu Academy. Concrete suggestions for research and practice are offered. 0-8058-5625-0 [Video] / 2005 / $10.00 A Charge to Keep [Video] The Findings and Recommendations of te AERA Commission on Research in Black Education Edited by Joyce E. King Georgia State University This 50-minute video documents the findings and recommendations of the Commission on Research in Black Education (CORIBE), including exemplary educational approaches that CORIBE identified, cameo commentaries by Lisa Delpit, Gloria Ladson-Billings, Kathy Au, Donna Gollnick, Adelaide L. Sanford, Asa Hilliard, Edmund Gordon and others, and an extended interview with Sylvia Wynter. 0-8058-5626-9 [Video] / 2005 / $10.00
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135602786
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 437
Book Description
This volume presents the findings and recommendations of the American Educational Research Association's (AERA) Commission on Research in Black Education (CORIBE) and offers new directions for research and practice. By commissioning an independent group of scholars of diverse perspectives and voices to investigate major issues hindering the education of Black people in the U.S., other Diaspora contexts, and Africa, the AERA sought to place issues of Black education and research practice in the forefront of the agenda of the scholarly community. An unprecedented critical challenge to orthodox thinking, this book makes an epistemological break with mainstream scholarship. Contributors present research on proven solutions--best practices--that prepare Black students and others to achieve at high levels of academic excellence and to be agents of their own socioeconomic and cultural transformation. These analyses and empirical findings also link the crisis in Black education to embedded ideological biases in research and the system of thought that often justifies the abject state of Black education. Written for both a scholarly and a general audience, this book demonstrates a transformative role for research and a positive role for culture in learning, in the academy, and in community and cross-national contexts. Volume editor Joyce E. King is the Benjamin E. Mays Endowed Chair of Urban Teaching, Learning and Leadership at Georgia State University and was chair of CORIBE. Additional Resources Black Education [CD-ROM] Research and Best Practices 1999-2001 Edited by Joyce E. King Georgia State University Informed by diverse perspectives and voices of leading researchers, teacher educators and classroom teachers, this rich, interactive CD-ROM contains an archive of the empirical findings, recommendations, and best practices assembled by the Commission on Research in Black Education. Dynamic multi-media presentations document concrete examples of transformative practice that prepare Black students and others to achieve academic and cultural excellence. This CD-ROM was produced with a grant from the SOROS Foundation, Open Society Institute. 0-8058-5564-5 [CD-ROM] / 2005 / Free Upon Request A Detroit Conversation [Video] Edited by Joyce E. King Georgia State University In this 20-minute video-documentary a diverse panel of educators--teachers, administrators, professors, a "reform" Board member, and parent and community activists--engage in a "no holds barred" conversation about testing, teacher preparation, and what is and is not working in Detroit schools, including a school for pregnant and parenting teens and Timbuktu Academy. Concrete suggestions for research and practice are offered. 0-8058-5625-0 [Video] / 2005 / $10.00 A Charge to Keep [Video] The Findings and Recommendations of te AERA Commission on Research in Black Education Edited by Joyce E. King Georgia State University This 50-minute video documents the findings and recommendations of the Commission on Research in Black Education (CORIBE), including exemplary educational approaches that CORIBE identified, cameo commentaries by Lisa Delpit, Gloria Ladson-Billings, Kathy Au, Donna Gollnick, Adelaide L. Sanford, Asa Hilliard, Edmund Gordon and others, and an extended interview with Sylvia Wynter. 0-8058-5626-9 [Video] / 2005 / $10.00
Higher Education for the Public Good
Author: Adrianna Kezar
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119177952
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 371
Book Description
This important book explores the various ways that higher education contributes to the realization of significant public ends and examines how leaders can promote and enhance their contribution to the social charter through new policies and best practices. It also shows how other sectors of society, government agencies, foundations, and individuals can partner with institutions of higher education to promote the public good. Higher Education for the Public Good includes contributions from leaders in the field—many of whom participated in dialogues hosted by the National Forum on Higher Education for the Public Good. These leaders are responsible for creating successful strategies, programs, and efforts that foster the public’s role in higher education.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119177952
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 371
Book Description
This important book explores the various ways that higher education contributes to the realization of significant public ends and examines how leaders can promote and enhance their contribution to the social charter through new policies and best practices. It also shows how other sectors of society, government agencies, foundations, and individuals can partner with institutions of higher education to promote the public good. Higher Education for the Public Good includes contributions from leaders in the field—many of whom participated in dialogues hosted by the National Forum on Higher Education for the Public Good. These leaders are responsible for creating successful strategies, programs, and efforts that foster the public’s role in higher education.