4D Electron Microscopy PDF Download

Author: Ahmed H. Zewail
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 1848163908
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 359

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Book Description
Structural phase transitions, mechanical deformations, and the embryonic stages of melting and crystallization are examples of phenomena that can now be imaged in unprecedented structural detail with high spatial resolution, and ten orders of magnitude as fast as hitherto. No monograph in existence attempts to cover the revolutionary dimensions that EM in its various modes of operation nowadays makes possible. The authors of this book chart these developments, and also compare the merits of coherent electron waves with those of synchrotron radiation. They judge it prudent to recall some important basic procedural and theoretical aspects of imaging and diffraction so that the reader may better comprehend the significance of the new vistas and applications now afoot. This book is not a vade mecum - numerous other texts are available for the practitioner for that purpose.

Author: Raymond Issa
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1135292752
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 376

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Book Description
The construction enterprise is being transformed by visual modelling. Tools such as 3D/4D CAD and virtual reality are now in widespread use in construction. This book is both a survey of the changes being made in practice and a detailed guide to future directions for research and development. This book features a number of detailed case studies and

Author: Lucy Bullivant
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119097126
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 136

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Book Description
4D Hyperlocal: A Cultural Tool Kit for the Open-source City The evolution of digital tools is revolutionising urban design, planning and community engagement. This is enabling a new ‘hyperlocal’ mode of design made possible by geolocation technologies and GPS-enabled mobile devices that support connectivity through open-source applications. Real-time analysis of environments and individuals’ input and feedback bring a new immediacy and responsiveness. Established linear design methods are being replaced by adaptable mapping processes, real-time data streams and experiential means, fostering more dynamic spatial analysis and public feedback. This shifts the emphasis in urban design from the creation of objects and spaces to collaboration with users, and from centralised to distributed participatory systems. Hyperlocal tools foster dynamic relational spatial analysis, making their deployment in urban and rural contexts challenged by transformation particularly significant. How can hyperlocal methods, solutions – including enterprise-driven uses of technology for bioclimatic design – and contexts influence each other and support the evolution of participatory architectural design? What issues, for example, arise from using real-time data to test scenarios and shape environments through 3D digital visualisation and simulation methods? What are the advantages of using GIS – with its integrative and visualising capacities and relational, flexible definition of scale – with GPS for multi-scalar mapping? Contributors: Saskia Beer, Moritz Behrens, John Bingham-Hall, Mark Burry, Will Gowland and Samantha Lee, Adam Greenfield, Usman Haque, Bess Krietemeyer, Laura Kurgan, Lev Manovich and Agustin Indaco, Claudia Pasquero and Marco Poletto, Raffaele Pe, José Luis de Vicente, Martijn de Waal, Michiel de Lange and Matthijs Bouw, Katharine Willis, and Alejandro Zaera-Polo. Featured architects and designers: AZPML, ecoLogicStudio, Foster + Partners, Interactive Design and Visualization Lab/Syracuse University Center of Excellence for Environmental Energy Systems, Software Studies Initiative/City University of New York (CUNY), Spatial Information Design Lab/Columbia University, Umbrellium, and Universal Assembly Unit.

Author: Ahmed H Zewail
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
ISBN: 1783265043
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 426

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Book Description
Ever since the beginning of mankind's efforts to pursue scientific inquiry into the laws of nature, visualization of the very distant and the very small has been paramount. The examples are numerous. A century ago, the atom appeared mysterious, a “raisin or plum pie of no structure,” until it was visualized on the appropriate length and time scales. Similarly, with telescopic observations, a central dogma of the cosmos was changed and complexity yielded to simplicity of the heliocentric structure and motion in our solar system. For matter, in over a century of developments, major advances have been made to explore the inner microscopic structures and dynamics. These advances have benefited many fields of endeavor, but visualization was incomplete; it was limited either to the 3D spatial structure or to the 1D temporal evolution. However, in systems with myriads of atoms, 4D spatiotemporal visualization is essential for dissecting their complexity. The biological world is rich with examples, and many molecular diseases cannot be fully understood without such direct visualization, as, for example, in the case of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The same is true for phenomena in materials science, chemistry, and nanoscience. This anthology is an account of the collected works that have emerged over the past decade from Caltech. Through recent publications, the volume provides overviews of the principles, the electron-based techniques, and the applications made. Thanks to advances in imaging principles and technology, it is now possible with 4D electron microscopy to reach ten orders of magnitude improvement in time resolution while simultaneously conserving the atomic spatial resolution in visualization. This is certainly a long way from Robert Hooke's microscopy, which was recorded in his 1665 masterpiece Micrographia.

Author: Rupinder Singh
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000822931
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 168

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Book Description
This book focuses on applications of 4D imaging and 4D printing for development of low-cost, indigenous lab-scale solutions for various biomedical applications. It is based on a selection of benchmark open-source 4D imaging solutions including the effect of different stimulus (such as light, electric field, magnetic field, mechanical load, thermal, hydro, and so forth) to better understand 4D capabilities of printed components. The material is covered across nine chapters dedicated to 4D imaging, 4D printing, and their specific biomedical applications illustrated via case studies related to orthopaedic and dental requirements of veterinary patients. The book: •Presents exclusive material on the integration of 4D imaging and 4D printing •Demonstrates the industrial applications of 4D imaging in 4D printing using multiple case studies •Discusses use of open-source 4D imaging tools for biomedical applications •Includes in-house development of smart materials for 4D printing •Reviews low-cost, indigenous lab-scale solutions for various veterinary applications. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in Additive Manufacturing, Manufacturing Engineering, Production Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Engineering.

Author: Lucy Bullivant
Publisher: Academy Press
ISBN: 9780470090923
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
In the next few years, emerging practices in interactive architecture are set to transform the built environment. ‘Smart’ design was once regarded as the preserve of museum exhibits or Jumbotrom advertising screens, but 'multi-mediated' interactive design has started entering into every domain of public and private life as a spatial medium, interactive architecture is revolutionising and reinventing our work, leisure and domestic spaces. Fast-changing social contexts are dominated by the blurring of boundaries between work and play, information retrieval and use. Pliable and responsive digital environments raise the haptic and intuitive threshold of public and private space by harnessing physical and mental responses. Will interactive architecture embrace a wider scope of functions and experiences – from sensing mechanisms, to the info-lounge, to the ambient home environment and the holistic hospital – through customisable design possibilities? Essays and interviews by international commentators Lucy Bullivant, guest editor of the issue, Ole Bouman, Antonino Saggio, Stefano Mirti and Walter Aprile and Mike Weinstock on the cultural issues raised by the emergence of interactive architecture will be complemented with features on acclaimed practitioners Christian Moller, Tobi Schneidler, Ron Arad and Jason Bruges. Benchmark interactive projects in this issue evolving new models of interdisciplinary teamwork include The Media House, led by Metapolis, IaaC and the MIT Media Lab and projects conceived at the Interactive Institute, Ivrea, Italy. New work is also featured by KDa/Toshio Iwai; realities: united, Usman Haque, Adam Somlai-Fischer, Ben Rubin and Mark Hansen, Lars Spuybroek and the Institute of Neuro-Informatics, ETH, Zurich, Kitchen Rogers Design; IDEO, and Tom Barker, b consultants/SmartSlab.

Author: Fouad Sabry
Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 463

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Book Description
What Is 4D Printing 3D printing, a type of additive manufacturing, is regarded as one of the most disruptive inventions in modern manufacturing. It has fundamentally altered the way components and equipments are made, as well as their design and development, in the industry. 3D printing enables manufacturers and researchers to create sophisticated shapes and structures that were previously thought to be impossible to create using traditional production methods. Over the previous three decades, 3D printing technology has seen constant breakthroughs and has changed dramatically. Despite its ability to generate sophisticated, bio-inspired, multi-material designs, 3D printing is not yet suitable for mass production. The addition of a fourth dimension to 3D printing technology is known as "4D Printing." With this new dimension, 3D printed things can change shape independently of environmental stimuli such as light, heat, electricity, magnetic field, and so on. Printed items alter shape dynamically dependent on the needs and demands of the circumstance by incorporating the dimension of time, with no electromechanical or moving parts. The ability of 3D printed things to change shape over time in reaction to specific stimuli is based on the material's ability to transform over time in response to specific stimuli, and it does not require human interaction to facilitate the process. The growing demand for flexible products in a variety of applications, such as self-folding packaging and adaptable wind turbines, has spurred the rise of 4D printing. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: 4D Printing Chapter 2: Four-Dimensional Product Chapter 3: Responsive Architecture Chapter 4: Responsive Computer-Aided Design Chapter 5: 3D Printing Chapter 6: 3D Modeling Chapter 7: 3D Scanning Chapter 8: 3D Printing Marketplace Chapter 9: 3D Bioprinting Chapter 10: 3D Food Printing Chapter 11: 3D Manufacturing Format Chapter 12: 3D Printing Speed Chapter 13: 3D Systems (II) Answering the public top questions about 4D printing. (III) Real world examples for the usage of 4D printing in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technology in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of 4D printing' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of 4D printing.

Author: Sh?ji Hashimoto
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9789810244897
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 532

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Book Description
Since the beginning of human history we have had a communication network that is identical with the physical distribution network. In the late 19th century we established the energy network to distribute electric and thermal energy, launching the modern society. The analog communication network became popular in the middle of the 20th century. And now, at the end of the 20th century, we have global digital information networks.Along with the advancement of the communication network, the progress of the information processing technology can be classified into three historical phases. The first phase technology is physical information processing, treating physical data from the real world. This technology is often called ?signal processing? and is based on the physical law of nature. The second phase is free from the physical constraints. It is logical information processing, dealing with knowledge and rules. The most important aspect of this phase is consistency. ?Provable? is employed to confirm the reality of the system.Based on the advanced computer and network technology, we are entering the third phase of information processing, which is ?Kansei? information processing. (?Kansei? is a Japanese word expressing some subjective ability referred to as ?sensibility?, ?intuition?, ?affection? or ?emotion?). Emotional resonance or consent is important in the pursuit of reality in this phase.Multimedia modeling to harmonize different media and systems is one of the key technologies in the third phase of information processing. It will provide a next generation framework to construct a human-centered information environment that is more comfortable and more productive.This volume is devoted to a discussion on effective modeling of multimedia information and systems for a wide range of applications. It contains 30 technical articles, all of which were selected, after vigorous peer reviews, for presentation at the International Conference on Multimedia Modeling held in Nagano, Japan, on 13-15 November 2000.

Author: Adrian Neagu
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 012818745X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 302

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Book Description
Towards 4D Printing presents the current state of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and its recent offspring, 4D bioprinting. These are attractive approaches to tissue engineering because they hold the promise of building bulky tissue constructs with incorporated vasculature. Starting with the discussion of 3D and 4D printing of inanimate objects, the book presents several 3D bioprinting techniques and points out the challenges imposed by living cells on the bioprinting process. It argues that, in order to fine-tune the bioprinter, one needs a quantitative analysis of the conditions experienced by cells during printing. Once the printing is over, the construct evolves according to mechanisms known from developmental biology. These are described in the book along with computer simulations that aim to predict the outcome of 3D bioprinting.In addition, the book provides the latest information on the principles and applications of 4D bioprinting, such as for medical devices and assistive technology. The last chapter discusses the perspectives of the field. This book provides an up-to date description of the theoretical tools developed for the optimization of 3D bioprinting, presents the morphogenetic mechanisms responsible for the post-printing evolution of the bioprinted construct and describing computational methods for simulating this evolution, and discusses the leap from 3D to 4D bioprinting in the light of the latest developments in the field. Most importantly, Towards 4D Printing explains the importance of theoretical modeling for the progress of 3D and 4D bioprinting. - Presents theoretical tools needed for the optimization of the bioprinting process - Describes the principles and implementation of computer simulations needed to predict the outcome of 3D bioprinting - Analyzes the distinctive features of 4D bioprinting along with its applications and perspectives

Author: Frederic Demoly
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1394163770
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 372

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Book Description
Any time objects and their (self-)organization are to be put into use, their models and methods of thinking as well as their designing and manufacturing need to be reinvented. 4D printing is a future technology that is capable of bringing 3D objects to life. This ability, which gives objects the power to change shape or properties over time through energy stimulation from active materials and additive manufacturing, makes it possible to envisage technological breakthroughs while challenging the relationship between people and objects. 4D Printing 1 presents the different facets of this technology, providing an objective, critical and even disruptive viewpoint to enable its existence and development, and to stimulate the creative drive that industry, society and humanity need in the perpetual quest for evolution and transformation.